Q. Which of the following characterizes/characterize the urban evolution of the Indus Valley Civilization?
1.The Mature Harappan phase was characterized by baked-brick structures and organized long-distance trade.
2.The Late Harappan phase witnessed the total expansion of monumental palaces and royal stone temples.
3.The Early Harappan phase represented a proto-urban stage with mud structures and elementary craft specialization.
Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below:
Answer: B
Notes:
Detailed Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: The Mature Harappan Phase () represents full urbanization with standardized fired bricks, grid town planning, and extensive inter-regional trade.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The Late Harappan Phase () was a period of de-urbanization and decline, marked by abandonment of cities, disappearance of writing/weights, and transition to rural agricultural settlements. Furthermore, IVC lacked both palaces and royal temples.
- Statement 3 is correct: The Early Harappan Phase () was a regional, proto-urban formative phase (found at sites like Kot Diji, Amri, and Kalibangan) with mud-brick homes and emerging craft specialization.
