Q. Which of the following statements with regard to the Nyaya school of philosophy is/are correct?
1.Nyaya school denies the existence of God and treats the physical universe as an uncaused, accidental creation
2.Nyaya recognizes four distinct valid means of ultimate knowledge perception, inference, comparison and testimony.
3.Founded by Gautama, the Nyaya school emphasizes logical analysis and systematic reasoning as the path to liberation.
Select the answer using the code given below:

[A] 1 and 2 only

[B] 2 and 3 only

[C] 1 only

[D] 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B
Notes:

Explanation:

  • Statement 1 is incorrect: Nyaya provides rational proofs for the existence of Ishvara (God), arguing that the physical world is a created effect requiring an intelligent, divine cause
  • Statement 2 is correct: Nyaya specifies four valid Pramanas: Direct Perception (Pratyaksha), Logical Inference (Anumana), Comparison/Analogy (Upamana), and Word/Testimony (Shabda).
  • Statement 3 is correct: Nyaya philosophy (rooted in Gautama’s Nyaya Sutra) holds that suffering arises from ignorance, which can be dispelled through logical reasoning and critical thinking.
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