Which of the following statements with regard to Mughal painting techniques is/are correct? 1. It was established by Humayun, who brought Safavid Persian masters Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali to India. 2. The technique of foreshortening and naturalistic shading was introduced into Mughal miniature painting. 3. The imperial painting process involved sequential specialized stages: Tarh, Chiharanama, Rangamizi and burnishing. Select the answer using the code given below: |ForumIAS

[A] 1 and 2 only

[B] 2 and 3 only

[C] 1 and 3 only

[D] 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Notes:

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: While returning from exile in Kabul, Humayun brought Persian artists Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, founding the imperial court atelier.
Statement 2 is correct: Under Akbar and Jahangir, contact with European Renaissance prints (brought by Jesuit missions) introduced foreshortening, perspective depth, and atmospheric shading into Indian miniatures.
Statement 3 is correct: Production in the Tasvir Khana was collaborative and staged: Tarh (master sketch) Chiharanama (facial details/portraiture) Rangamizi (pigment application) Burnishing (polishing with agate stone).