Various Bodies

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal and can only be removed from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Statement 1 is correct. The Comptroller and Auditor-General, in connection with the performance of his duties have authority to inspect any office of accounts under the control of the Union or of a State, including treasuries and such offices responsible for the keeping of initial or subsidiary accounts, as submit accounts to him.
Statement 2 is correct. The Governor of a State, where he is of opinion that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, can request the Comptroller and Auditor-General to audit the accounts of a corporation established by law made by the Legislature of the State.
# Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971

Both statements are incorrect.
The provisions for term and salary of CIC/ICs were changed by a RTI Amendment Act in 2019.
Now, the act states that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government, further the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.

Both statements are correct.
The Central Vigilance Commission was set up by the Government in February,1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.
CVC are conceived to be the apex vigilance institution, free of control from any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilant work.
It is a statutory authority under the Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003. It consists of a Central Vigilance Commissioner – Chairperson and not more than two Vigilance Commissioners – Members.

The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and amongst the States themselves.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The share of states in the center’s taxes was recommended to be decreased from 42% during the 2015-20 period to 41% for 2020-21. The 1% decrease is to provide for the newly formed union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh from the resources of the central government.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The 15th Finance Commission (Chair: Mr N. K. Singh) was required to submit two reports. The first report, consisting of recommendations for the financial year 2020-21, was tabled in Parliament on February 1, 2020. The final report with recommendations for the next five financial years starting from 2021-22 to 2025-26 will be submitted on November 9, 2020.

Both statements are correct.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was initially constituted by the Central Govt by The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.
It has been accorded Constitutional Status and constituted through the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018 Act, whereby Article 338B has been inserted, forming a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as NCBC.
The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. [Article 338B (3)]
Duties of the Commission [Article 338B (5)]:
-to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to participate and advise on the socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to present to the President reports upon the working of the safeguards.
The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting the socially and educationally backward classes. [Article 338B (9)]

The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution. Two distinctive features of the Commission’s work involve redressing the vertical imbalances between the taxation powers and expenditure responsibilities of the centre and the States respectively and equalization of all public services across the States.
It is the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to—
–the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them and the allocation between the States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
–the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
–the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
–the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Municipalities in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
–any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interests of sound finance.
The Commission determines its procedure and have such powers in the performance of their functions as Parliament may by law confer on them.

: Both statements are correct.
The Fifteenth Finance Commission (XVFC) led by Chairman Sh N K Singh have submitted its Report for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26 to the President.
As per the terms of reference (ToR), the Commission was mandated to give its recommendations for five years from 2021-22 to 2025-26 by 30 October, 2020. Last year, the Commission had submitted its report containing recommendations for the year 2020-21 which was accepted by the Union Government and tabled in the Parliament on 30 January
2020.
Apart from the vertical and horizontal tax devolution, local government grants, disaster management grant, the Commission was also asked to examine and recommend performance incentives for States in many areas like power sector, adoption of DBT, solid waste management etc.
The Commission was also asked to examine whether a separate mechanism for funding of defence and internal security ought to be set up and if so, how such a mechanism could be operationalized. The Commission has sought to address all its ToRs in this Report to the Union government.

Both statements are correct.
Parliament may by law determine the qualifications which shall be requisite for appointment as members of the Commission and the manner in which they shall be selected. [Article 280(2)]
The President shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the provisions of the Constitution together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament. [Article 281]

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal and can only be removed from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Statement 1 is correct. The Comptroller and Auditor-General, in connection with the performance of his duties have authority to inspect any office of accounts under the control of the Union or of a State, including treasuries and such offices responsible for the keeping of initial or subsidiary accounts, as submit accounts to him.
Statement 2 is correct. The Governor of a State, where he is of opinion that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, can request the Comptroller and Auditor-General to audit the accounts of a corporation established by law made by the Legislature of the State.
# Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971

Both statements are incorrect.
The provisions for term and salary of CIC/ICs were changed by a RTI Amendment Act in 2019.
Now, the act states that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government, further the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.

Both statements are correct.
The Central Vigilance Commission was set up by the Government in February,1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.
CVC are conceived to be the apex vigilance institution, free of control from any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilant work.
It is a statutory authority under the Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003. It consists of a Central Vigilance Commissioner – Chairperson and not more than two Vigilance Commissioners – Members.

The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and amongst the States themselves.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The share of states in the center’s taxes was recommended to be decreased from 42% during the 2015-20 period to 41% for 2020-21. The 1% decrease is to provide for the newly formed union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh from the resources of the central government.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The 15th Finance Commission (Chair: Mr N. K. Singh) was required to submit two reports. The first report, consisting of recommendations for the financial year 2020-21, was tabled in Parliament on February 1, 2020. The final report with recommendations for the next five financial years starting from 2021-22 to 2025-26 will be submitted on November 9, 2020.

Both statements are correct.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was initially constituted by the Central Govt by The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.
It has been accorded Constitutional Status and constituted through the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018 Act, whereby Article 338B has been inserted, forming a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as NCBC.
The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. [Article 338B (3)]
Duties of the Commission [Article 338B (5)]:
-to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to participate and advise on the socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to present to the President reports upon the working of the safeguards.
The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting the socially and educationally backward classes. [Article 338B (9)]

The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution. Two distinctive features of the Commission’s work involve redressing the vertical imbalances between the taxation powers and expenditure responsibilities of the centre and the States respectively and equalization of all public services across the States.
It is the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to—
–the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them and the allocation between the States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
–the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
–the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
–the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Municipalities in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
–any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interests of sound finance.
The Commission determines its procedure and have such powers in the performance of their functions as Parliament may by law confer on them.

Both statements are correct.
The Fifteenth Finance Commission (XVFC) led by Chairman Sh N K Singh have submitted its Report for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26 to the President.
As per the terms of reference (ToR), the Commission was mandated to give its recommendations for five years from 2021-22 to 2025-26 by 30 October, 2020. Last year, the Commission had submitted its report containing recommendations for the year 2020-21 which was accepted by the Union Government and tabled in the Parliament on 30 January
2020.
Apart from the vertical and horizontal tax devolution, local government grants, disaster management grant, the Commission was also asked to examine and recommend performance incentives for States in many areas like power sector, adoption of DBT, solid waste management etc.
The Commission was also asked to examine whether a separate mechanism for funding of defence and internal security ought to be set up and if so, how such a mechanism could be operationalized. The Commission has sought to address all its ToRs in this Report to the Union government.

Both statements are correct.
Parliament may by law determine the qualifications which shall be requisite for appointment as members of the Commission and the manner in which they shall be selected. [Article 280(2)]
The President shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the provisions of the Constitution together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament. [Article 281]

Both statements are correct.
As per the article 148 of the Constitution, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall only be removed from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from his/her office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
As per clause (4) of article 148, the Comptroller and Auditor-General shall not be eligible for further office either under the Government of India or under the Government of any State after he has ceased to hold his office.

In 1993, the Indian Parliament enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act.
• The purpose of the Act was to establish an institutional framework that could effectively protect, promote and fulfil the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
• To this end, the Act created a National Human Rights Commission, and also, Human Rights Commissions at the levels of the various States.
• Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, the Human Rights Commissions are empowered to inquire into the violations of human rights committed by state authorities, either upon petitions presented to them, or upon their own initiative.
• While conducting these inquiries, the Commissions are granted identical powers to that of civil courts, such as the examining witnesses, ordering for documents, receiving evidence, and so on.
• These proceedings are deemed to be judicial proceedings, and they require that any person, who may be prejudicially affected by their outcome, has a right to be heard.
• The controversy before the Madras High Court stems from the issue of what is to be done after the Human Rights Commission completes its enquiry, and reaches a conclusion that human rights have been violated.
• Section 18 of the Protection of Human Rights Act empowers the Human Rights Commission to “recommend” to the concerned government to grant compensation to the victim, to initiate prosecution against the erring state authorities, to grant interim relief, and to take various other steps.

The CGA is the Principal Accounting Adviser to the Government of India. The office is in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance. Controller General of Accounts derives his mandate from Article 150 of the Constitution. This statutory mandate as incorporated in the Allocation of Business Rules 1961.

 The office of the CGA has the mandate to establish and maintain a technically sound Management Accounting system.

 It also prepares and submits the accounts of the Central Government.

It is also in charge of the exchequer control and internal audits.

The Constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
• He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
• He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the levels—the Centre and the state.
• His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.
• The CAG is appointed by the president of India by a warrant under his hand and seal.

National Green Tribunal (NGT): The NGT was established in the year 2010
under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010 to dispose of civil cases relating to
environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources, including
enforcement of any legal rights related to the environment (National Green Tribunal). The
Act was enacted through the Parliament of India, under the provision of Article 21 of the
Constitution of India, which emphasizes the right to live in a clean and healthy
environment.
Goods & Service Tax Council: As per Article 279A (1) of the amended Constitution, the
GST Council has to be constituted by the President within 60 days of the commencement of
Article 279A. The notification for bringing into force Article 279A with effect from 12th
September, 2016 was issued on 10th September, 2016.
Central Administrative Tribunal: The Central Administrative Tribunal had been
established under Article 323 – A of the Constitution for adjudication of disputes and
complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or other authorities under the control of the Government.

Both statements are correct.
The Central Vigilance Commission was set up by the Government in February,1964 on
the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K.
Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.
CVC are conceived to be the apex vigilance institution, free of control from any executive
authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government and advising
various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing
and reforming their vigilant work.
It is a statutory authority under the Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003. It consists of a Central Vigilance Commissioner – Chairperson and not more than two Vigilance Commissioners – Members.

The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and amongst the States themselves.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The share of states in the center’s taxes was recommended to be decreased from 42% during the 2015-20 period to 41% for 2020-21. The 1% decrease is to provide for the newly formed union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh from the resources of the central government.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The 15th Finance Commission (Chair: Mr N. K. Singh) was required to submit two reports. The first report, consisting of recommendations for the financial year 2020-21, was tabled in Parliament on February 1, 2020. The final report with recommendations for the next five financial years starting from 2021-22 to 2025-26 will be submitted on November 9, 2020.

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is appointed by the President
by warrant under his hand and seal and can only be removed from office in like manner
and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Statement 1 is correct. The Comptroller and Auditor-General, in connection with the
performance of his duties have authority to inspect any office of accounts under the control of the Union or of a State, including treasuries and such offices responsible for the
keeping of initial or subsidiary accounts, as submit accounts to him.
Statement 2 is correct. The Governor of a State, where he is of opinion that it is necessary
in the public interest so to do, can request the Comptroller and Auditor-General to audit
the accounts of a corporation established by law made by the Legislature of the State.
# Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971

Both statements are correct.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was initially constituted by the
Central Govt by The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.
It has been accorded Constitutional Status and constituted through the Constitution (One
Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018 Act, whereby Article 338B has been inserted,
forming a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as
NCBC.
The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission are appointed
by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. [Article 338B (3)]
Duties of the Commission [Article 338B (5)]:
-to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially
and educationally backward classes;
-to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards
of the socially and educationally backward classes;
-to participate and advise on the socio-economic development of the socially and
educationally backward classes;
-to present to the President reports upon the working of the safeguards.
The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy
matters affecting the socially and educationally backward classes. [Article 338B (9)]