| Introduction: Contextual Introduction Body: Highlight the ideological foundations of the Constitution and how has neoliberalism affected it. Conclusion: Way forward |
The Indian Constitution is rooted in a vision of creating an egalitarian society through its ideological framework based on liberalism and social justice.
Ideological Foundations of the Indian Constitution
- Liberal Framework with State Intervention: The Constitution adopts liberal values, emphasizing individual freedom and equal opportunities. However, the framers recognized that social and economic inequalities prevalent during independence required the state to actively intervene to level the playing field.
- Egalitarian Society through Justice and Equity:
- Fundamental Rights (Part III): Guarantee civil liberties, prohibit discrimination (Article 15), and ensure equality before the law (Article 14).
- Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV):
- Article 38(2): Seeks to minimize income and status inequalities.
- Article 39(b) & (c): Advocates equitable resource distribution and prevents wealth concentration.
- Preamble: Envisions justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, underscoring the ideals of political, social, and economic justice.
- Judicial Interpretations: In S. Nakara & Others vs Union of India (1982), the Supreme Court highlighted socialism as a framework for ensuring social security. In Samatha vs the State of Andhra Pradesh (1997), the Court underscored the importance of reducing income inequalities to establish an egalitarian social order.
Impact of Neoliberalism on Constitutional Principles
- Rising Economic Inequality: Reports like Lucas Chancel and Thomas Piketty’s “Indian Income Inequality” (2019) and Oxfam’s 2023 data reveal the widening gap between the wealthy and the poor, with extreme wealth concentration violating Articles 38 and 39.
- Erosion of the Welfare State: Neoliberalism prioritized private capital investment over state-led welfare initiatives, leading to reduced government spending on health, education, and social security.
- Social Inequality Overlapping with Economic Inequality: Constitutional ideals of equal opportunity (Article 16) and inclusive growth are undermined as wealth becomes increasingly concentrated in specific social groups.
- Extreme Wage Disparities: The State of Inequality in India Report (2022) highlights stark income disparities, with the top 10% earning over ₹25,000 a month while 90% earn less. The gap between corporate executives and minimum wage earners has widened drastically.
Conclusion
As Constitution Day marks 75 years, it serves as a reminder to uphold the vision of justice and equality enshrined in the Constitution.
