| Introduction: Contextual Introduction Body: How do civilizational values reflect constitutional principles? Conclusion: Way forward |
India’s civilizational values, rooted in tolerance, pluralism, and inclusivity, have evolved over millennia through its diverse cultural and religious practices. These values find explicit expression in the Constitution, particularly in its principles of secularism and social justice.
Civilizational Roots of Tolerance and Pluralism
- Tolerance and Secularism in Ancient Traditions: India’s tradition of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family) emphasizes coexistence and acceptance of diversity. Ashoka’s Dhamma provided an early model of secularism, promoting ethical governance and respect for all faiths without imposing state-sponsored religion.
- Inclusivity in Ancient Assemblies: Historical references to assemblies where scholars debated critical issues highlight India’s democratic ethos. Leaders like Purushottam Das Tandon cited these traditions during Constituent Assembly debates, linking them to modern secular governance.
- Equal Respect for All Religions: Articles 25-28 ensure freedom of religion, affirming secularism as equal respect for all beliefs rather than a rejection of religion. This aligns with the civilizational values of respecting diverse faiths. The Hindu Mahasabha’s 1944 Constitution for a Hindustan Free State declared that there shall be no state religion, emphasizing the civilizational principle of secularism.
- Vibrant Pluralism in Public Life: Articles 29 and 30 safeguard the cultural and educational rights of minorities, reflecting the pluralistic ethos of Indian civilization. This protection ensures that diversity is celebrated, not suppressed.
Reflection in Social Justice
- Equity and Inclusion: Social justice principles in the Constitution address historical inequities, echoing India’s tradition of dharma (righteousness). Reservation policies (Articles 15 and 16) seek to uplift marginalized groups, recognizing the need to correct the systemic exclusion of Dalits, Adivasis, and women.
- Adivasi Perspectives: Constituent Assembly member Jaspal Singh highlighted the democratic traditions of Adivasis, affirming that the Constitution builds upon their historical practices of inclusion and collective decision-making. Protective measures for Scheduled Tribes under Articles 244 and 275 reflect India’s commitment to social justice rooted in its civilizational values.
Conclusion
India’s civilizational values of tolerance and pluralism are seamlessly woven into the constitutional principles of secularism and social justice. By protecting diversity and promoting equity, the Constitution both honors the nation’s historical ethos and addresses the shortcomings of its past. As Jawaharlal Nehru remarked, the Constitution represents a “transition from the old to the new,” blending the wisdom of India’s civilizational journey with the aspirations of a modern, inclusive nation.
