[Answered] “Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is key to improving urban mobility and enhancing economic productivity in Indian cities.” Analyze the significance of TOD in the context of urban planning and employment generation. (250 words)

Indian cities are at the cusp of a transportation revolution, with substantial investments projected for metro rail projects between 2022 and 2027. These investments, amounting to ₹3 trillion, are set to enhance urban mobility and unlock significant economic potential. This initiative is underpinned by the National Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policy and the Metro Rail Policy, both approved in 2017.

Significance of TOD in Urban Planning

• Land Use and Transportation Integration: TOD focuses on compact, mixed-use development near transit stations, promoting land use–transport integration. This approach effectively decouples density from congestion and economic growth from resource use and carbon emissions.
• Reduction of Commute Times: As urban areas expand outward, public transport systems often lag behind, resulting in longer commute times and increased private vehicle use. This exacerbates congestion and reduces access to job markets. With TOD, urban design can prioritize proximity to transit, minimizing commute times and enhancing overall productivity.
• Boosting Economic Activity: By clustering jobs near transit stations, TOD creates agglomeration effects that drive innovation and productivity. Businesses benefit from increased access to a diverse labor pool and customer base, fostering local economic development.

Impact of TOD on Employment Generation

• Job Proximity and Density: According to WRI India’s study, the current job density in Bengaluru is highest near operational and under-construction metro networks. Once the ongoing metro phases are completed, a substantial percentage of jobs will be within close proximity to transit stations—28% within 500 meters, 59% within 1 kilometer, and 85% within 2 kilometers. This accessibility is crucial for enhancing workforce participation and productivity.
• Catalyzing Local Business Growth: The clustering of enterprises near metro stations enhances local business opportunities, particularly for service enterprises. Large businesses often anchor smaller ones, creating a vibrant local economy.
• Barriers to Business Location Choices: Many large enterprises cite barriers such as unsuitable properties, unfavorable development regulations, and high property prices near metro stations. Addressing these challenges through supportive policies and infrastructure upgrades can enhance the viability of TOD.

Conclusion

A coordinated approach involving strategic urban planning, supportive policies, and public-private collaboration will be essential for realizing the full potential of TOD in addressing urban challenges and driving sustainable development in India.