") no-repeat;background-position:right var(--form--spacing-unit) top 60%}select:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}textarea{width:100%}label{font-size:14px;font-weight:var(--form--label-weight);margin-bottom:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ 3)}input[type=checkbox]+label,input[type=radio]+label{display:inline-block;padding-left:10px;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);vertical-align:top}@supports (-webkit-appearance:none) or (-moz-appearance:none){input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;position:relative;width:17px;height:17px;border:var(--form--border-width) solid var(--form--border-color);background:var(--global--color-white)}input[type=checkbox]:disabled,input[type=radio]:disabled{opacity:.7}input[type=checkbox]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=checkbox]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:5px;top:2px;position:absolute;width:7px;height:13px;border:3px solid var(--form--color-text);border-top:0;border-left:0;transform:rotate(30deg)}input[type=checkbox]:checked{color:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=checkbox]:checked:after{opacity:1}input[type=radio]{border-radius:50%}input[type=radio]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:3px;top:3px;position:absolute;width:11px;height:11px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=radio]:checked{border:4px solid var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:checked:focus{outline-offset:4px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=range]{-webkit-appearance:none;width:100%;height:6px;background:var(--form--color-ranged);border-radius:6px;outline-offset:10px}input[type=range]:disabled{opacity:.7}input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{-webkit-appearance:none;border:3px solid var(--form--color-ranged);height:44px;width:44px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--global--color-background);cursor:pointer}input[type=range]::-moz-range-thumb{border:3px solid var(--form--color-ranged);height:44px;width:44px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--global--color-background);cursor:pointer;box-sizing:border-box}}input[type=range]::-ms-track{width:100%;height:6px;border-radius:6px;border-width:19px 0;border-color:var(--global--color-background);background:0 0;color:transparent;cursor:pointer}input[type=range]::-ms-fill-upper{background:var(--form--color-ranged);border-radius:6px}input[type=range]::-ms-fill-lower{background:var(--form--color-ranged);border-radius:6px}input[type=range]::-ms-thumb{border:3px solid var(--form--color-ranged);height:44px;width:44px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--global--color-background);cursor:pointer}fieldset{display:grid;border-color:var(--global--color-secondary);padding:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}fieldset legend{font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg)}fieldset input[type=submit]{max-width:max-content}fieldset input:not([type=submit]){margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}fieldset input[type=checkbox],fieldset input[type=radio]{margin-bottom:0}fieldset input[type=checkbox]+label,fieldset input[type=radio]+label{font-size:var(--form--font-size);padding-left:0;margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}::-moz-placeholder{opacity:1}img{height:auto;max-width:100%!important;vertical-align:middle}.entry-content img{max-width:100%}embed,iframe,object,video{max-width:100%}.wp-caption{color:currentColor;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);margin-top:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit);text-align:center}b,strong{font-weight:700}cite,em,i{font-style:italic}a{cursor:pointer;color:var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary));text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-skip-ink:all}a:hover{text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link{outline:transparent solid 2px;outline-offset:-2px}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link:focus{color:#21759b;background-color:#f1f1f1}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button) img{outline:2px dotted var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}.site .button,button,input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{border:var(--button--border-width) solid transparent;border-radius:var(--button--border-radius);cursor:pointer;font-weight:var(--button--font-weight);font-family:var(--button--font-family);font-size:var(--button--font-size);line-height:var(--button--line-height);padding:var(--button--padding-vertical) var(--button--padding-horizontal);text-decoration:none}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),input[type=reset]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color){color:var(--global--color-background)}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),input[type=reset]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:var(--global--color-primary)}.site .button:active,.site .button:hover,button:active,button:hover,input[type=reset]:active,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=submit]:active,input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:transparent;border-color:currentColor;color:inherit}.site .button:focus,button:focus,input[type=reset]:focus,input[type=submit]:focus{outline-offset:-6px;outline:currentColor dotted 2px}.site .button:disabled,button:disabled,input[type=reset]:disabled,input[type=submit]:disabled{background-color:var(--global--color-white-50);border-color:var(--global--color-white-50);color:var(--button--color-text-active)}.wp-block-group{display:block;clear:both;display:flow-root}.wp-block-group:after,.wp-block-group:before{content:"";display:block;clear:both}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ .75)}}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:first-child{margin-top:0}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.h2,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{clear:both;font-family:var(--heading--font-family);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight)}.h2 strong,h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,h4 strong,h5 strong{font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong)}h1{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h1);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1)}.h2,h2{font-size:28px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2)}h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h3);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h3)}h4{font-size:22px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h4);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h4)}h5{font-size:18px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h5);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h5)}.wp-block-image{text-align:center}.wp-block-image a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image],.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image]+*,.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]+*{margin-top:0}figure.wp-caption a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}ol,ul{font-family:var(--list--font-family);margin:0;padding-left:15px}ul{list-style-type:disc}ul ul{list-style-type:circle}ol{list-style-type:decimal}ol ul{list-style-type:circle}dt{font-family:var(--definition-term--font-family);font-weight:700}dd{margin:0;padding-left:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}p{line-height:var(--wp--typography--line-height,var(--global--line-height-body))}hr{border-style:none;border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}hr.wp-block-separator{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);opacity:1}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots):not(.alignwide){max-width:var(--responsive--aligndefault-width)}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots).alignwide{max-width:var(--responsive--alignwide-width)}[class*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator,[style*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator{border-color:currentColor}table{width:100%;min-width:240px;border-collapse:collapse}table th{font-family:var(--heading--font-family)}table th{padding:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));border:1px solid}*>figure>video{max-width:unset;width:100%;vertical-align:middle}.alignwide{clear:both}.site-header{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){:root{--responsive--aligndefault-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),610px);--responsive--alignwide-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),1240px)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(2.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.site-header:not(.has-menu){justify-content:center}}.site-footer{padding-top:0;background:#1e2232;color:#fff}.singular .entry-header{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.entry-title{color:var(--entry-header--color);font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2);overflow-wrap:break-word}.entry-title a{color:var(--entry-header--color-link);text-underline-offset:0.15em}.entry-title a:hover{color:var(--entry-header--color-hover)}.entry-title a:focus{color:var(--entry-header--color-focus)}.entry-title a:active{color:var(--entry-header--color-link)}.singular .entry-title{font-size:36px;font-weight:700}h1.entry-title{line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-page-title)}.entry-content{font-family:var(--entry-content--font-family)}.entry-content p{word-wrap:break-word;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:10px;font-family:"Segoe UI"}.entry-content p a{font-weight:700}.entry-content>iframe[style]{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) 0!important;max-width:100%!important}.entry-footer{color:var(--global--color-primary);clear:both;float:none;font-size:14px;display:block}.entry-footer>span{display:inline-block}.entry-footer a{color:currentColor}.entry-footer a:focus,.entry-footer a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover)}.entry-footer a:active{color:currentColor}.site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);padding-top:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:calc(3 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color)}body:not(.single) .site-main>article:last-of-type .entry-footer{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));padding-bottom:0;padding-top:calc(.8 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-top:3px solid var(--separator--border-color);border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);column-gap:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{justify-content:flex-end;text-align:right}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .byline,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .cat-links,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .posted-on,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .tags-links{display:block}.search .entry-footer .cat-links,.search .entry-footer .tags-links{display:block}.menu-button-container{display:none;justify-content:space-between;position:absolute;right:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{display:flex;margin-left:auto;padding:calc(var(--button--padding-vertical) - (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) calc(.5 * var(--button--padding-horizontal));font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size-button);font-weight:var(--primary-nav--font-weight-button);background-color:transparent;border:none;color:var(--primary-nav--color-link)}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu:focus{outline:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon{display:flex;align-items:center}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon .svg-icon{margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.open .svg-icon{position:relative;top:-1px}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.close{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.open{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.close{display:flex}.primary-navigation{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;color:var(--primary-nav--color-text);font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size);line-height:1.15;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{position:fixed;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding-top:20px;padding-left:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-right:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);background-color:#fff;transition:all .15s ease-in-out;transform:translateY(var(--global--spacing-vertical))}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;max-width:none;padding-left:0;position:relative}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{display:block}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{text-align:left}.menu-button-container{display:flex}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{height:100vh;z-index:499;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;border:2px solid transparent;width:75%}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container:focus{border:2px solid var(--global--color-primary)}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{padding-bottom:100px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper ul{padding-left:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{display:block;position:relative;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:flex;height:20px;width:20px;padding:0;margin-top:7px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:0 0;color:currentColor;border:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle:focus{outline:2px solid var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus{height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus svg,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus svg{margin-top:-1px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-minus{display:flex}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-plus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{position:relative}.primary-navigation a{display:block;text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation{position:relative;margin-left:auto}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{visibility:visible;opacity:1;position:relative;padding:0;background-color:transparent;overflow:initial;transform:none}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container ul>li .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=false]~ul{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{margin:0;width:inherit}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li:last-child{margin-right:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{left:0;margin:0;min-width:200px;position:absolute;top:100%;padding-top:0;transition:all .5s ease;z-index:88888}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;width:0;top:-10px;left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);border-style:solid;border-color:var(--primary-nav--border-color) transparent;border-width:0 7px 10px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after{top:-9px;border-color:#fff transparent}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li{background:#fff}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left{left:0;right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:before{left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right{right:0;left:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:before{left:auto;right:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container{margin-right:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding));margin-left:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item{display:flex}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item>a+.sub-menu-toggle{margin-left:calc(5px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation a{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu>.menu-item>.sub-menu{padding:0}}.primary-navigation a+svg{fill:var(--primary-nav--color-text)}.primary-navigation a:hover,.primary-navigation a:link,.primary-navigation a:visited{color:var(--primary-nav--color-link-hover)}.primary-navigation a:focus{position:relative;z-index:99999;outline-offset:0;text-decoration-thickness:2px}.primary-navigation .sub-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;margin-left:var(--primary-nav--padding);border:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .sub-menu{border:none;display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu li:hover .sub-menu{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{padding:8px 10px;display:block;font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style-sub-menu-mobile)}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.lock-scrolling .site{position:fixed;max-width:100%;width:100%}}.navigation{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation a{color:var(--global--color-primary);text-decoration:none}.navigation a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted}.navigation a:focus{color:var(--global--color-secondary)}.navigation a:active{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation .nav-links>*{min-width:44px;min-height:44px}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next a,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous a{display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media only screen and (min-width:592px){.navigation .nav-links{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous{flex:0 1 auto;margin-bottom:inherit;margin-top:inherit;max-width:calc(50% - (.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit)))}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next{text-align:right}}.navigation .svg-icon{display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;position:relative}.navigation .nav-previous .svg-icon,.navigation .prev .svg-icon{top:-2px;margin-right:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.navigation .nav-next .svg-icon,.navigation .next .svg-icon{top:-1px;margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .meta-nav{line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);color:var(--global--color-primary)}.post-navigation .post-title{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--global--font-primary);font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg);font-weight:var(--pagination--font-weight-strong);line-height:var(--global--line-height-heading)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .post-title{margin:5px calc(24px + (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) 0}}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style);color:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:inline-block;height:100%}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .svg-icon{display:none}.post-navigation .nav-links{justify-content:space-between}}.post-navigation .nav-next,.post-navigation .nav-previous{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.post-navigation .nav-next:first-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:first-child{margin-top:0}.post-navigation .nav-next:last-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important;word-break:normal}.skip-link:focus{background-color:#f1f1f1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);clip:auto!important;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#21759b;display:block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}#content[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){*{transition-delay:0s!important;transition-duration:0s!important}}footer *,header *,main *{max-width:var(--global--spacing-measure)}article,body,div,figure,footer,header,hr,html,main,nav,section{max-width:none}.is-IE .navigation .nav-links{display:block}body,li,p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.8}body,input,li,p,span,textarea{font-family:'Open Sans',sans-serif}p{margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:10px}.row{margin-bottom:25px}header.site-header{background:#fff599;max-width:100%;padding:0 30px;position:fixed;z-index:999;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;padding:10px 12px}.widget img{margin-top:0}div#sidebar ul{padding-left:22px;font-size:14px}div#sidebar ul li{margin-bottom:2px;white-space:break-spaces}.entry-content ul{font-size:14px;padding-left:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.footer_text a{color:#7dc4ff}.footer_text h5{font-weight:600;color:#bcdcf7;margin:0;font-size:15px}.row.footer_row{border-top:1px solid #efefef;margin-bottom:0;padding:20px 0}.row.footer_row ul{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.row.footer_row ul li a{color:#efefef;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.footer_lower_txt{text-align:center;color:#d2d2d2;font-size:13px}.footer_lower_txt h4{font-size:20px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;color:#bcdcf7;padding-top:10px}.footer_lower_txt h5{font-size:17px;margin-bottom:0}.footer_lower_txt a{color:#d2d2d2}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px}a.privacy-policy-link{color:#fff;float:right}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px 6px;display:inline-block;width:100%}.footer_text{margin-top:25px}div#content{padding-top:10px}p#subscribe-submit button{padding:10px 15px!important;font-size:14px!important;background:#141414;border:1px solid #141414;margin-left:-1px!important;height:45px}p#subscribe-submit button:hover{background:#ed3237;color:#fff;border-color:#ed3237}#subscribe-email input{border:1px solid #141414;height:45px}.content-area{padding-top:20px}.widget_block,.widget_media_image{margin-bottom:20px}a{color:#0773c5}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children:before{content:"\f078";position:absolute;font-family:FontAwesome;right:10px;top:9px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children{padding-right:20px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:absolute;right:-93%;top:0;width:184px;border:1px solid #d1d1d1!important}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{padding:10px 6px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1120px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 5px}}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){a.privacy-policy-link{float:none;display:block;text-align:center}.bottom_bar .blog_link{display:block;text-align:center}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){section.widget{margin-top:15px}}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.bottom_bar{padding:12px 20px 6px}.footer_lower_txt{padding:0 15px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:relative;left:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:15px}.single>.wp-caption{width:330px!important}.entry-content img{width:340px!important}.single figure{width:340px!important}}.entry-footer>span{font-size:.8em!important}.entry-content li,.entry-content span{font-family:'Segoe UI'}.entry-footer>span:first-child{margin-left:0}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.d-sm-none{display:none!important}.gt_switcher_wrapper{right:41px!important}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px){.mobile_ad{display:none!important}}img#wpstats{display:none}.entry-content a{color:#0773c5}header.site-header{padding:0 20px}button:focus{outline:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 8px}.entry-content li,.entry-content li a,.entry-content p,.entry-content p a,.entry-content span{font-family:Georgia}.entry-content h1,.entry-content h1 a,.entry-content h1 span,.entry-content h2,.entry-content h2 a,.entry-content h2 span,.entry-content h3,.entry-content h3 a,.entry-content h3 span,.entry-content h4,.entry-content h4 a,.entry-content h4 span,.entry-content h5,.entry-content h5 a,.entry-content h5 span,h1.entry-title{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;color:#263238}.entry-content h1{font-size:2.5em}.entry-content h2{font-size:1.8em}.entry-content h3{font-size:1.5em}.entry-content h4{font-size:1.2em}.entry-content li,.entry-content li span,.entry-content p,.entry-content p span{font-size:18px}.entry-content h5{font-size:1.1em}.entry-content li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.entry-content li{margin-bottom:15px}.entry-footer{font-size:16.5px;border-bottom:1px solid #263238;border-top:1px solid #263238;margin:10px 0 0;padding:5px}header.entry-header h1.entry-title{border:none}.content-area h2{font-size:20px;line-height:36px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:20px;font-weight:700;color:#ed3237;font-family:Georgia}.content-area h2 b{font-weight:400}header.site-header{position:relative}.row.top-box{border-bottom:1px dotted #000}.social_share li{list-style-type:none}.top-box ul.social_share{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.top-box .social_share a{font-size:15px;margin-right:0}.top-header span{font-size:11.5px;color:#444;font-weight:700}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:12px;padding:10px}header.site-header{background:#f6f6f6;padding:0 50px 0 20px;top:0!important}.mobile{display:none}.entry-footer>span{font-size:11px!important}@media only screen and (max-width:782px){.singular .entry-title{font-size:30px}.content-area h2{font-size:20px}.page header.entry-header h1.entry-title{font-size:30px}.main-logo img#logo{width:63%}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{padding:5px 15px}.desktop{display:none}.mobile{display:block;margin:0}.top-box ul.social_share{padding-left:5px}.row.top-box.mobile{text-align:center}.site-header{width:100%;padding:10px 15px 0!important}div#content{padding-top:0}}.page header.entry-header h1.entry-title{border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-bottom:2%}ol,ul{font-family:"Gill SSi"}span.byline{padding-left:5px}iframe>.ytp-embed-playlist .ytp-playlist-menu{display:block!important}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.quiz-fullwidth-template .web_ad{display:none!important}span.cat-links a,span.tags-links a{background:#dedede;padding:4px 6px;margin-top:7px;display:inline-block;font-weight:400!important;margin-left:5px;color:#000!important;font-size:14px;line-height:normal!important}.quiz-fullwidth-template .mobile_ad{display:none!important}.gt_switcher_wrapper{top:30px!important}.gt_selector .notranslate{padding:0!important}select.gt_selector{padding-left:5px!important;padding:0}#google_translate_element2{display:none!important}body{top:0!important}font font{background-color:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important;position:initial!important}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.entry-footer>span{margin-left:1%}.content-box-yellow{margin:0 0 25px;overflow:hidden;padding:20px}.content-box-yellow{background-color:#fef5c4;border:1px solid #fadf98}p#subscribe-submit button{height:53px!important}.bottom_navigation{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:580px){.bottom_navigation{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999;width:100%;padding:5px 0;box-shadow:0 0 5px #cdcdcd}.bottom_navigation div{float:left;width:33.3333%;text-align:center}.bottom_navigation img{width:25px}.bottom_navigation a:focus img{outline:0!important}}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) p#subscribe-submit{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.3;min-width:auto!important;white-space:nowrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]:disabled{color:currentColor;opacity:.5}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button{border-color:#0000;border-style:solid}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email{background:#0000;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{height:auto;margin:0;width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-submit{line-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}@keyframes jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:none;height:1em;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:1em}.jetpack-memberships-spinner svg{height:100%;margin-bottom:-2px;width:100%}.jetpack-memberships-spinner-rotating{animation:.75s linear infinite jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation;transform-origin:center}.is-loading .jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:inline-block}body.jetpack-memberships-modal-open{overflow:hidden}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal{opacity:1}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal iframe{background:#0000;border:0;bottom:0;box-shadow:none;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal::backdrop{background-color:#000;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .2s ease-out}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading::backdrop{opacity:0}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:480px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>.alignwide{max-width:480px}
Skip to content Mains Guidance Program (MGP) for UPSC CSE 2026, Cohort-1 starts 11th February 2025. Registrations Open
Click Here to know more and registration.
News: The development of resistance to antimicrobial is a major public health problem all over the world.
Though the world is trying to develop new drugs, there are difficulties in treatment as a result of the rapid development of resistance to these drugs.
What is antimicrobial resistance(AMR)? It occurs when microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) evolve and stop responding to medicines, making even minor infections tough to treat, causing severe illnesses and deaths.
What are the reasons for AMR? Poor prescription practices, inappropriate antibiotics in pharmacies, and self-medication practices are key determinants of AMR in India.
What are the different types of AMR? Natural (intrinsic, structural) resistance: This kind of resistance is caused by the structural characteristics of microbes and is not associated with the use of antimicrobials. It has no hereditary property.
Acquired resistance: Due to changes in the genetic characteristics of microbes, acquired resistance occurs as it is now unaffected by the previous antimicrobial.
-This kind of resistance occurs mainly due to structures of chromosomes or extrachromosomal such as plasmid, transposon, and others.
Cross resistance: Some microorganisms are resistant to a certain drug that acts with a similar mechanism as some other drugs. However, sometimes it can also be seen in completely unrelated drug groups.
-This resistance is usually observed against antibiotics whose structures are similar. This may be the chromosomal or extrachromosomal origin.
Multi-drug resistance and pan-resistance: These are often bacteria resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. This means that a particular drug is no longer able to kill or control the bacteria.
How vaccines can help reduce the AMR burden? Vaccinations not only prevent diseases but also prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
-Prevention of infections through vaccines results in reduced use of anti-microbials for treatment, reducing the emergence of resistance.
What are the steps taken in this regard? The Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR was launched in 2015 by WHO. Today, almost 80 countries have announced National Action Plans to address AMR at a national level.
In India , the recent announcement to universalize PCV across the country would protect children not only from pneumococcal disease, but also protect children and other populations from the emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal disease.
Source: This post is based on the articles “Antimicrobial Awareness Week 2021: How resistance to antibiotics develops ” and “Antimicrobial Awareness Week 2021: How vaccines can help reduce India’s AMR burden ” published in Down To Earth on 24 Nov 2021.
Discover more from Free UPSC IAS Preparation Syllabus and Materials For Aspirants Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.
Post navigation
Select Language English Hindi