") no-repeat;background-position:right var(--form--spacing-unit) top 60%}select:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}textarea{width:100%}label{font-size:14px;font-weight:var(--form--label-weight);margin-bottom:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ 3)}@supports (-webkit-appearance:none) or (-moz-appearance:none){input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;position:relative;width:17px;height:17px;border:var(--form--border-width) solid var(--form--border-color);background:var(--global--color-white)}input[type=checkbox]:disabled,input[type=radio]:disabled{opacity:.7}input[type=checkbox]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=checkbox]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:5px;top:2px;position:absolute;width:7px;height:13px;border:3px solid var(--form--color-text);border-top:0;border-left:0;transform:rotate(30deg)}input[type=checkbox]:checked{color:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=checkbox]:checked:after{opacity:1}input[type=radio]{border-radius:50%}input[type=radio]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:3px;top:3px;position:absolute;width:11px;height:11px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=radio]:checked{border:4px solid var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:checked:focus{outline-offset:4px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}}input[type=checkbox]+label,input[type=radio]+label{display:inline-block;padding-left:10px;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);vertical-align:top}fieldset{display:grid;border-color:var(--global--color-secondary);padding:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}fieldset legend{font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg)}fieldset input[type=submit]{max-width:max-content}fieldset input:not([type=submit]){margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}fieldset input[type=checkbox],fieldset input[type=radio]{margin-bottom:0}fieldset input[type=checkbox]+label,fieldset input[type=radio]+label{font-size:var(--form--font-size);padding-left:0;margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}::-moz-placeholder{opacity:1}img{height:auto;max-width:100%!important;vertical-align:middle}.entry-content img{max-width:100%}iframe,object,video{max-width:100%}.wp-caption{color:currentColor;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);margin-top:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit);text-align:center}b,strong{font-weight:700}cite,em,i{font-style:italic}a{cursor:pointer;color:var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary));text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-skip-ink:all}a:hover{text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link{outline:transparent solid 2px;outline-offset:-2px}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link:focus{color:#21759b;background-color:#f1f1f1}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button) img{outline:2px dotted var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}.site .button,button,input[type=submit]{border:var(--button--border-width) solid transparent;border-radius:var(--button--border-radius);cursor:pointer;font-weight:var(--button--font-weight);font-family:var(--button--font-family);font-size:var(--button--font-size);line-height:var(--button--line-height);padding:var(--button--padding-vertical) var(--button--padding-horizontal);text-decoration:none}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color){color:var(--global--color-background)}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:var(--global--color-primary)}.site .button:active,.site .button:hover,button:active,button:hover,input[type=submit]:active,input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:transparent;border-color:currentColor;color:inherit}.site .button:focus,button:focus,input[type=submit]:focus{outline-offset:-6px;outline:currentColor dotted 2px}.site .button:disabled,button:disabled,input[type=submit]:disabled{background-color:var(--global--color-white-50);border-color:var(--global--color-white-50);color:var(--button--color-text-active)}.wp-block-group{display:block;clear:both;display:flow-root}.wp-block-group:after,.wp-block-group:before{content:"";display:block;clear:both}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ .75)}}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:first-child{margin-top:0}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.h2,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{clear:both;font-family:var(--heading--font-family);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight)}.h2 strong,h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,h4 strong,h5 strong{font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong)}h1{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h1);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1)}.h2,h2{font-size:28px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2)}h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h3);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h3)}h4{font-size:22px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h4);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h4)}h5{font-size:18px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h5);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h5)}.wp-block-image{text-align:center}.wp-block-image a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image],.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image]+*,.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]+*{margin-top:0}figure.wp-caption a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}ol,ul{font-family:var(--list--font-family);margin:0;padding-left:15px}ul{list-style-type:disc}ul ul{list-style-type:circle}ol{list-style-type:decimal}ol ul{list-style-type:circle}dt{font-family:var(--definition-term--font-family);font-weight:700}dd{margin:0;padding-left:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}p{line-height:var(--wp--typography--line-height,var(--global--line-height-body))}hr{border-style:none;border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}hr.wp-block-separator{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);opacity:1}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots):not(.alignwide){max-width:var(--responsive--aligndefault-width)}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots).alignwide{max-width:var(--responsive--alignwide-width)}[class*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator,[style*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator{border-color:currentColor}table{width:100%;min-width:240px;border-collapse:collapse}table th{font-family:var(--heading--font-family)}table th{padding:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));border:1px solid}*>figure>video{max-width:unset;width:100%;vertical-align:middle}.alignwide{clear:both}.site-header{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){:root{--responsive--aligndefault-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),610px);--responsive--alignwide-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),1240px)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(2.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.site-header:not(.has-menu){justify-content:center}}.site-footer{padding-top:0;background:#1e2232;color:#fff}.singular .entry-header{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.entry-title{color:var(--entry-header--color);font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2);overflow-wrap:break-word}.entry-title a{color:var(--entry-header--color-link);text-underline-offset:0.15em}.entry-title a:hover{color:var(--entry-header--color-hover)}.entry-title a:focus{color:var(--entry-header--color-focus)}.entry-title a:active{color:var(--entry-header--color-link)}.singular .entry-title{font-size:36px;font-weight:700}h1.entry-title{line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-page-title)}.entry-content{font-family:var(--entry-content--font-family)}.entry-content p{word-wrap:break-word;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:10px;font-family:"Segoe UI"}.entry-content p a{font-weight:700}.entry-content>iframe[style]{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) 0!important;max-width:100%!important}.entry-footer{color:var(--global--color-primary);clear:both;float:none;font-size:14px;display:block}.entry-footer>span{display:inline-block}.entry-footer a{color:currentColor}.entry-footer a:focus,.entry-footer a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover)}.entry-footer a:active{color:currentColor}.site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);padding-top:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:calc(3 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color)}body:not(.single) .site-main>article:last-of-type .entry-footer{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));padding-bottom:0;padding-top:calc(.8 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-top:3px solid var(--separator--border-color);border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);column-gap:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{justify-content:flex-end;text-align:right}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .byline,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .cat-links,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .posted-on,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .tags-links{display:block}.search .entry-footer .cat-links,.search .entry-footer .tags-links{display:block}.menu-button-container{display:none;justify-content:space-between;position:absolute;right:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{display:flex;margin-left:auto;padding:calc(var(--button--padding-vertical) - (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) calc(.5 * var(--button--padding-horizontal));font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size-button);font-weight:var(--primary-nav--font-weight-button);background-color:transparent;border:none;color:var(--primary-nav--color-link)}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu:focus{outline:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon{display:flex;align-items:center}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon .svg-icon{margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.open .svg-icon{position:relative;top:-1px}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.close{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.open{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.close{display:flex}.primary-navigation{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;color:var(--primary-nav--color-text);font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size);line-height:1.15;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{position:fixed;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding-top:20px;padding-left:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-right:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);background-color:#fff;transition:all .15s ease-in-out;transform:translateY(var(--global--spacing-vertical))}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;max-width:none;padding-left:0;position:relative}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{display:block}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{text-align:left}.menu-button-container{display:flex}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{height:100vh;z-index:499;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;border:2px solid transparent;width:75%}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container:focus{border:2px solid var(--global--color-primary)}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{padding-bottom:100px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper ul{padding-left:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{display:block;position:relative;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:flex;height:20px;width:20px;padding:0;margin-top:7px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:0 0;color:currentColor;border:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle:focus{outline:2px solid var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus{height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus svg,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus svg{margin-top:-1px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-minus{display:flex}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-plus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{position:relative}.primary-navigation a{display:block;text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation{position:relative;margin-left:auto}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{visibility:visible;opacity:1;position:relative;padding:0;background-color:transparent;overflow:initial;transform:none}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container ul>li .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=false]~ul{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{margin:0;width:inherit}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li:last-child{margin-right:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{left:0;margin:0;min-width:200px;position:absolute;top:100%;padding-top:0;transition:all .5s ease;z-index:88888}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;width:0;top:-10px;left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);border-style:solid;border-color:var(--primary-nav--border-color) transparent;border-width:0 7px 10px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after{top:-9px;border-color:#fff transparent}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li{background:#fff}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left{left:0;right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:before{left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right{right:0;left:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:before{left:auto;right:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container{margin-right:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding));margin-left:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item{display:flex}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item>a+.sub-menu-toggle{margin-left:calc(5px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation a{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu>.menu-item>.sub-menu{padding:0}}.primary-navigation a+svg{fill:var(--primary-nav--color-text)}.primary-navigation a:hover,.primary-navigation a:link,.primary-navigation a:visited{color:var(--primary-nav--color-link-hover)}.primary-navigation a:focus{position:relative;z-index:99999;outline-offset:0;text-decoration-thickness:2px}.primary-navigation .sub-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;margin-left:var(--primary-nav--padding);border:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .sub-menu{border:none;display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu li:hover .sub-menu{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{padding:8px 10px;display:block;font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style-sub-menu-mobile)}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.lock-scrolling .site{position:fixed;max-width:100%;width:100%}}.navigation{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation a{color:var(--global--color-primary);text-decoration:none}.navigation a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted}.navigation a:focus{color:var(--global--color-secondary)}.navigation a:active{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation .nav-links>*{min-width:44px;min-height:44px}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next a,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous a{display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media only screen and (min-width:592px){.navigation .nav-links{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous{flex:0 1 auto;margin-bottom:inherit;margin-top:inherit;max-width:calc(50% - (.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit)))}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next{text-align:right}}.navigation .svg-icon{display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;position:relative}.navigation .nav-previous .svg-icon,.navigation .prev .svg-icon{top:-2px;margin-right:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.navigation .nav-next .svg-icon,.navigation .next .svg-icon{top:-1px;margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .meta-nav{line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);color:var(--global--color-primary)}.post-navigation .post-title{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--global--font-primary);font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg);font-weight:var(--pagination--font-weight-strong);line-height:var(--global--line-height-heading)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .post-title{margin:5px calc(24px + (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) 0}}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style);color:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:inline-block;height:100%}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .svg-icon{display:none}.post-navigation .nav-links{justify-content:space-between}}.post-navigation .nav-next,.post-navigation .nav-previous{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.post-navigation .nav-next:first-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:first-child{margin-top:0}.post-navigation .nav-next:last-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important;word-break:normal}.skip-link:focus{background-color:#f1f1f1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);clip:auto!important;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#21759b;display:block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}#content[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){*{transition-delay:0s!important;transition-duration:0s!important}}footer *,header *,main *{max-width:var(--global--spacing-measure)}article,body,div,figure,footer,header,hr,html,main,nav,section{max-width:none}.is-IE .navigation .nav-links{display:block}body,li,p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.8}body,input,li,p,span,textarea{font-family:'Open Sans',sans-serif}p{margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:10px}.row{margin-bottom:25px}header.site-header{background:#fff599;max-width:100%;padding:0 30px;position:fixed;z-index:999;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;padding:10px 12px}.widget img{margin-top:0}div#sidebar ul{padding-left:22px;font-size:14px}div#sidebar ul li{margin-bottom:2px;white-space:break-spaces}.entry-content ul{font-size:14px;padding-left:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.footer_text a{color:#7dc4ff}.footer_text h5{font-weight:600;color:#bcdcf7;margin:0;font-size:15px}.row.footer_row{border-top:1px solid #efefef;margin-bottom:0;padding:20px 0}.row.footer_row ul{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.row.footer_row ul li a{color:#efefef;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.footer_lower_txt{text-align:center;color:#d2d2d2;font-size:13px}.footer_lower_txt h4{font-size:20px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;color:#bcdcf7;padding-top:10px}.footer_lower_txt h5{font-size:17px;margin-bottom:0}.footer_lower_txt a{color:#d2d2d2}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px}a.privacy-policy-link{color:#fff;float:right}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px 6px;display:inline-block;width:100%}.footer_text{margin-top:25px}div#content{padding-top:10px}p#subscribe-submit button{padding:10px 15px!important;font-size:14px!important;background:#141414;border:1px solid #141414;margin-left:-1px!important;height:45px}p#subscribe-submit button:hover{background:#ed3237;color:#fff;border-color:#ed3237}#subscribe-email input{border:1px solid #141414;height:45px}.content-area{padding-top:20px}.widget_block,.widget_media_image{margin-bottom:20px}a{color:#0773c5}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children:before{content:"\f078";position:absolute;font-family:FontAwesome;right:10px;top:9px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children{padding-right:20px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:absolute;right:-93%;top:0;width:184px;border:1px solid #d1d1d1!important}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{padding:10px 6px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1120px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 5px}}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){a.privacy-policy-link{float:none;display:block;text-align:center}.bottom_bar .blog_link{display:block;text-align:center}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){section.widget{margin-top:15px}}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.bottom_bar{padding:12px 20px 6px}.footer_lower_txt{padding:0 15px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:relative;left:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:15px}.single>.wp-caption{width:330px!important}.entry-content img{width:340px!important}.single figure{width:340px!important}}.entry-footer>span{font-size:.8em!important}.entry-content li,.entry-content span{font-family:'Segoe UI'}.entry-footer>span:first-child{margin-left:0}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.d-sm-none{display:none!important}.gt_switcher_wrapper{right:41px!important}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px){.mobile_ad{display:none!important}}img#wpstats{display:none}.entry-content a{color:#0773c5}header.site-header{padding:0 20px}button:focus{outline:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 8px}.entry-content li,.entry-content li a,.entry-content p,.entry-content p a,.entry-content span{font-family:Georgia}.entry-content h1,.entry-content h1 a,.entry-content h1 span,.entry-content h2,.entry-content h2 a,.entry-content h2 span,.entry-content h3,.entry-content h3 a,.entry-content h3 span,.entry-content h4,.entry-content h4 a,.entry-content h4 span,.entry-content h5,.entry-content h5 a,.entry-content h5 span,h1.entry-title{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;color:#263238}.entry-content h1{font-size:2.5em}.entry-content h2{font-size:1.8em}.entry-content h3{font-size:1.5em}.entry-content h4{font-size:1.2em}.entry-content li,.entry-content li span,.entry-content p,.entry-content p span{font-size:18px}.entry-content h5{font-size:1.1em}.entry-content li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.entry-content li{margin-bottom:15px}.entry-footer{font-size:16.5px;border-bottom:1px solid #263238;border-top:1px solid #263238;margin:10px 0 0;padding:5px}header.entry-header h1.entry-title{border:none}.content-area h2{font-size:20px;line-height:36px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:20px;font-weight:700;color:#ed3237;font-family:Georgia}.content-area h2 b{font-weight:400}header.site-header{position:relative}.row.top-box{border-bottom:1px dotted #000}.social_share li{list-style-type:none}.top-box ul.social_share{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.top-box .social_share a{font-size:15px;margin-right:0}.top-header span{font-size:11.5px;color:#444;font-weight:700}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:12px;padding:10px}header.site-header{background:#f6f6f6;padding:0 50px 0 20px;top:0!important}.mobile{display:none}.entry-footer>span{font-size:11px!important}@media only screen and (max-width:782px){.singular .entry-title{font-size:30px}.content-area h2{font-size:20px}.page header.entry-header h1.entry-title{font-size:30px}.main-logo img#logo{width:63%}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{padding:5px 15px}.desktop{display:none}.mobile{display:block;margin:0}.top-box ul.social_share{padding-left:5px}.row.top-box.mobile{text-align:center}.site-header{width:100%;padding:10px 15px 0!important}div#content{padding-top:0}}.page header.entry-header h1.entry-title{border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-bottom:2%}ol,ul{font-family:"Gill SSi"}span.byline{padding-left:5px}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.quiz-fullwidth-template .web_ad{display:none!important}span.cat-links a,span.tags-links a{background:#dedede;padding:4px 6px;margin-top:7px;display:inline-block;font-weight:400!important;margin-left:5px;color:#000!important;font-size:14px;line-height:normal!important}.quiz-fullwidth-template .mobile_ad{display:none!important}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.gt_switcher_wrapper{top:30px!important}.gt_selector .notranslate{padding:0!important}select.gt_selector{padding-left:5px!important;padding:0}#google_translate_element2{display:none!important}body{top:0!important}font font{background-color:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important;position:initial!important}.entry-footer>span{margin-left:1%}p#subscribe-submit button{height:53px!important}.bottom_navigation{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:580px){.bottom_navigation{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999;width:100%;padding:5px 0;box-shadow:0 0 5px #cdcdcd}.bottom_navigation div{float:left;width:33.3333%;text-align:center}.bottom_navigation img{width:25px}.bottom_navigation a:focus img{outline:0!important}}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) p#subscribe-submit{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.3;min-width:auto!important;white-space:nowrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]:disabled{color:currentColor;opacity:.5}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button{border-color:#0000;border-style:solid}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email{background:#0000;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{height:auto;margin:0;width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-submit{line-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}@keyframes jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:none;height:1em;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:1em}.jetpack-memberships-spinner svg{height:100%;margin-bottom:-2px;width:100%}.jetpack-memberships-spinner-rotating{animation:.75s linear infinite jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation;transform-origin:center}.is-loading .jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:inline-block}body.jetpack-memberships-modal-open{overflow:hidden}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal{opacity:1}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal iframe{background:#0000;border:0;bottom:0;box-shadow:none;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal::backdrop{background-color:#000;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .2s ease-out}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading::backdrop{opacity:0}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:480px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>.alignwide{max-width:480px}
Skip to content Mains Guidance Program (MGP) for UPSC CSE 2026, Cohort-1 starts 11th February 2025. Registrations Open
Click Here to know more and registration.
News: In this article, Vidhyadhar Atkore while speaking to Times Evoke explained the river biodiversity and threat faced by it due to human interference. He has studied four major river basins, the Malaprabha, Mhadei, Tunga and Bhadra systems in Karnataka.
What are some significant findings? One , the free-flowing riverine systems have nearly 50% more endemic fish species, compared to hydrologically modified systems which have more generalist species found across diverse habitats. For instance , the Tunga and Bhadra riverine structures are free-flowing, Mhadei and Malaprabha are highly disturbed in terms of the number of check dams built on them, the quality of the water, the degradation of vegetation along the river banks, etc.
Two , endemic and habitat specialist fish require certain conditions, like an ambient temperature, vegetation, etc. to survive. They can only find these in areas without disturbance or no check dams, water diversions and fishing pressure.
Three , dams act as a barrier and stand in the way of fish. It also impacts the composition of species found naturally. Mhadei and Malaprabha have many barrages leading to changes in water flow. Also, when the flow is disturbed by human activity, surface-dwelling fish are affected.
Four , human modifications of hydrology have enormous impacts on river sediments, vegetation and water surfaces. There are more insectivore species living in the Tunga and Bhadra regions due to more insects while the modified sites have more omnivorous and carnivorous fish.
Five , an entirely new fish was discovered which was named as Kudremukh barb. It swims along in the headwaters of the Tunga. Taxonomically, it is named as Pethia striata . It has remarkable colour, the male is in shaded red and the female is of grey color with unique cross-stripe pattern.
Why there is need of more research in the field of riverine ecosystem? First , there is need to know the causes and consequences of the degradation of freshwater systems, due to anthropogenic pressures like illegal fishing, sand mining, hydropower dams, etc.
Second , the baseline data is essential to deepen the understanding of river biodiversity. Also, there is comparatively less ecological information on riverine systems. For example , the golden mahseer, a freshwater fish which is migratory in nature can weigh up to 55 kgs, but it is hard to find a fish of that size now.
Third , freshwater riverine systems are linked to human wellbeing. Hence, there is need to read more about freshwater biodiversity to appreciate the huge variations of species, their extraordinary colours, abilities and migratory behaviour. It will also help in inspiring people to join campaigns for river cleaning.
What is the way forward? First , mitigations can help species. For instance, retaining undammed tributaries enables fish to recover.
Second , minimize plastic usage because it is a major threat which is affecting freshwater systems. Also, the removal of obsolete dams which is taking place worldwide to save freshwater species should be considered now.
Third , those who buy ornamental fish should not release them into streams. Because, this adversely impacts native fish.
Source : This post is based on the article “Big golden mahseer to small kudremukh barb, freshwater fish are richly diverse” published in Times of India on 12th Feb 2022 .
Discover more from Free UPSC IAS Preparation Syllabus and Materials For Aspirants Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.
Post navigation
Select Language English Hindi