Democratic Backlash in South Asia

Source: The post democratic backlash in South Asia has been created, based on the article “A silent democratic backlash in South Asia” published in “The Hindu” on 29th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- polity

Context: The article discusses a “silent democratic backlash” in South Asia, comparing India and Pakistan. It explains how India, once a strong democracy, is now showing authoritarian tendencies, while in Pakistan, public protests challenge military influence in politics.

What is the Democratic Backlash in South Asia?

1. Rise of Authoritarianism in India: Since 2014, India’s democratic structure has shifted towards authoritarianism, with the BJP promoting an “Opposition-free” democracy and centralizing power.
2. Public Pushback in Pakistan: In Pakistan, despite a history of military influence, recent elections and public protests indicate a growing rejection of military-political collusion.
3. Middle-Class Sentiments: Both India and Pakistan’s middle classes have historically supported authoritarian governance, but younger generations are increasingly critical.
4. Digital Advocacy: Citizens in both countries are using digital platforms to demand democratic reforms and resist authoritarian tendencies.

How Has Democracy Evolved in India?

1. India was initially known for its strong democratic foundations, free elections, and separation of powers.
2. Except for the 1975 Emergency, India maintained civilian dominance over the military.
3. BJP’s rise in 2014 marked a shift towards authoritarianism with increased executive overreach. The BJP’s push for a “Congress-mukt Bharat” exemplified a move toward a one-party state.
4. Universities became centers of nationalist symbolism, curbing student protests.

What is Happening in Pakistan?

1. Pakistan has a history of military and bureaucratic control, leading to authoritarian rule.
2. Since 2008, Pakistan has held four general elections, indicating a shift towards democracy.
3. However, military influence remains strong, as seen in the 2018 and 2024 elections where political elites allied with the military to gain power.
4. Public protests, like the lawyers’ movement, and mass dissatisfaction with military rule continue to challenge this authoritarianism.
5. Despite military influence, citizens increasingly advocate for democracy, as seen in the rise of the PTI in the 2024 election.

Way forward

Both countries have seen citizens use new methods, like digital spaces, to demand democratic governance. India’s recent elections reflect a pushback against authoritarian politics, and in Pakistan, there’s an ongoing tension between the military’s influence and the public’s democratic aspirations. The outcome of these movements will shape the future political landscape in both nations.

Question for practice:

Discuss how the rise of authoritarianism in India and the public pushback against military influence in Pakistan reflect broader democratic trends in South Asia.