Emerging field of synthetic biology

Source: The post emerging field of synthetic biology has been created, based on the article “Our biodiversity is a treasure chest: Handle it with care” published in “Live Mints” on 28th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-science and technology- biotechnology

Context: The article discusses synthetic biology, which uses genetic engineering to create new biological systems. It impacts industries like fashion, food, and mining by offering innovative solutions. The field relies on data from biodiverse countries and must address equity, transparency, and stakeholder engagement.

For detailed information on National policy needed for synthetic biology read this article here

What is Synthetic Biology?

Synthetic biology is a new field that combines genetic engineering and bio-computing to create biological systems designed for specific purposes. It is projected to contribute nearly $30 trillion to global output by the end of the decade.

How is Synthetic Biology Applied in Different Industries?

1. Fashion: Brands like Hermes use mycelium to make materials that can replace leather. Other companies engineer yeast to produce stronger, more durable fabrics.
2. Food Production: Techniques are being developed to produce artificial meat and reduce the reliance on traditional animal farming.
3. Agriculture: Engineered microbes can convert nitrogen from the air, reducing the need for artificial fertilizers.
4. Mining: Genetically engineered microorganisms are used to extract metals like copper and gold more cleanly and efficiently than traditional methods.

What are the Challenges and Ethical Considerations?

1. Data access is critical for developing new biological systems. Most of this data comes from ‘mega-diverse’ countries, which have unique biodiversity but have experienced exploitation.
2. There is a concern that advanced nations and corporations might disproportionately benefit from synthetic biology, potentially harming vulnerable populations.
3. The Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol emphasize equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.

How Can We Address These Concerns?

1. Legal Frameworks: The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol provide guidelines for benefit-sharing from genetic resources.
2. Public Engagement: It’s important to keep the public informed and involved in discussions about synthetic biology to ensure transparency and accountability.
3. Investment in R&D: Countries like India, rich in biodiversity, need to invest in research and development to harness their biological resources effectively.

Question for practice:

Examine how synthetic biology is applied in various industries and the ethical challenges it presents, particularly in relation to data access and benefit-sharing from genetic resources.