History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024
Indian miniature painting
November 20, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Explained: Art historian B N Goswamy’s work on Indian miniature painting tradition” published in “The Indian Express” on 18th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Indian art historian and critic Brijinder Nath Goswamy, best known for his scholarship on Indian miniature painting tradition, passed away.
What was Goswamy’s contribution?
1. His contribution lies in revealing that painting styles were family-dependent rather than region-dependent.
2. He reconstructed family networks of renowned artists, such as Pandit Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku.What are Miniature Paintings?
Source- Wikipedia What is it? Miniature painting is an intricate form of art involving highly detailed paintings on a small scale. Evolution 1. The history of Indian miniature paintings tradition go back to the Buddhist Pala dynasty from 8th till 11th century.
2. It flourished under Mughal empire in the early 1500s but declined during Aurangzeb reign.
3. With migration of artists, different schools of miniature painting emerged in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, etc.Techniques of miniature Paintings Executed in the traditional tempera technique-
1. The painting shouldn’t be larger than 25 square inch.
2. The subject of the painting should be painted in not more than 1/6th of the actual size.
3. In these paintings there are very few human characters with visible front face. Most of the human characters are seen with side profile.Features 1. Big eyes, pointed nose and slim waist, The skin colours of human being are Brown and fair.
2. The colour of the hair and eyes is black. Women characters have long hair. Men and women wear the traditional Indian dress, slippers and shoes. Men wear turbans on their head.
3. Mostly Natural colours have been used in these paintings. Black, red, white, brown, blue, and yellow colours are used to decorate the paintings.What are different schools of Indian Miniature Painting?
Pala School of Art 1. Mostly palm leaf and paper were used.
2. The prominent painters were Dhimman and Vitapala.Apabhramsa School of Art 1. This school traces its origin to Gujarat and Mewar region in Rajasthan.
2. This school is divided in two phases–
– Illustrations made on palm leaf
– Illustrations made on paper
3. Features-fish shaped bulging eyes, a pointed nose and a double chin, animal and bird figurines in the paintings are represented as toys.
4. Most famous example -Kalpasutra and the Kalakacharya Katha from 15th centuryMiniature Art during Delhi Sultanate 1. Developed an Indo-Persian style of painting that drew heavily from schools in Iran and Jain paintings.
2. Features– Groups of people standing in rows and identical poses, narrow bands of decoration running across the width of the painting.
3. Manuscript called the Nimat Nama depicts scenes of food preparation.
4. Another style called Lodi Khuladar was also prevalent during this period.Mughal Era Miniature Painting 1. The Mughal paintings are characterized by their subtleness and naturalism. They are considered unique because of the use of brilliant colors.
2. Early Mughal painter- Bizhad
3. Akbar established ‘tasvir khana’.
4. Famous painters of this period include: Daswanth, Basawan and Kesu.
5. Prominent illustrated manuscripts during Akbar’s reign are Tutinama, Hamzanama, Anvar-i-Suhaili and Gulistan of Sadi.Rajput Paintings 1. The Rajput paintings flourished under the patronage of the Hindu Rajput rulers of Rajputana and Punjab Himalayas during the period 1500 CE to the middle of the 19th century.
2. Themes of Ramayana, the Mahabharata, Puranas, and Gita etc. were prominent.Pahari school of Painting 1. These paintings were largely done in miniature painting forms throughout the era of the 17th to 19th centuries
2. Based on their regional diversity, Pahari paintings in India can be divided into two groups.
Basohli and Kullu Style – Chaurapanchasika style
Guler and Kangra Style – Calm colours and modification
3. Nainsukh was a famous master of the mid-18th century
4. The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of Hindu deities Radha and KrishnaRajasthani School of Painting 1. Rajasthani paintings are those works that have been executed in Rajputana, from Bikaner to the border of Gujarat and from Jodhpur to Gwalior and Ujjain.
2. The themes of the paintings were mostly religious and love subjects, based on Lord Rama and Lord Krishna.
3. Characteristic– Old outlines and brilliant colours.UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)
November 16, 2023↓Source– This post “Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)” is based on the article “Constantine Joseph Beschi, a missionary, Tamil scholar, and Chanda Sahib’s Dewan” published in “The Hindu” on 14th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Recently Emerald Publishers released the English translation of the first biography of Veeramamunivar(known as Constantine Joseph Beschi) in Tamil written by A. Muttusami Pillei.
Who is Constantine Joseph Beschi?
Source- The Hindu 1. Constantine Joseph Beschi, the Italian Jesuit missionary and Tamil scholar
2. He had also maintained a close friendship with Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of the Carnatic.
3. He had even acted as his Dewan.What are the views of Muttusami Pillei on Constantine Joseph Beschi?
1. He was a Religious devotee and an Italian Jesuit missionary.
2. Office of Dewan– By appointing him to the office, the Nawab of the Carnatic also gifted the Italian Jesuit four villages in Tiruchi district, which yielded a revenue of ₹12,000 a year.
3. He held the office of Dewan in Tiruchi till 1740.
4. He abstained from the “use of flesh and fish”.
5. He also studied Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil assiduously and became a master of these languages, especially Tamil.
UPSC Syllabus-History (Literature)
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them
November 14, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them” published in “Down To Earth ” on 14th November 2023
Why in the News?
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland have long relied on the practice of preserving diverse crop seeds across generations. This traditional knowledge associated with seed storage and preservation has been orally passed from one generation to another and is crucial in cultivation.
Who is the Ao community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Meaning Aoer (meaning “those who came” from across the Dikhu River) Festivals Moatsü Festival: Observed in early May after sowing
Tsüngremong Festival: Celebrated right after the harvestGovernance system called as Putu Mende Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation (tekong lu or alu ayimba) Significance Aos were the first nagas to embrace Christianity and incorporate Western education Who is the Sumi Community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Religion Ancestral religion was worship of nature. But now most of them are Christians Recognized as Scheduled Tribe Festivals Ahuna: It is a traditional post-harvest festival of the Sumis.
Tülüni: It is a festival of great significance for the Sümis.Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation UPSC Syllabus: History and Art and Culture in News
Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery
November 11, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
The Kondaveedu Fort in Andhra Pradesh is hosting a cultural gallery showcasing its rich historical significance from the 13th to the 20th century.
Where is Kondaveedu Fort?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Located in Guntur,Andhra Pradesh Constructed by Prolaya Vema Reddi Significance: (1) The fort was once the capital of the Reddi dynasty between 1328 and 1482 shifting from their former capital at Addanki.
(2) It was then taken over by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya in 1516.
(3) The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579 and renamed it as Murtazanagar.
(4) The fort came under the control of the French colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified.
(5) It passed on to the British East India Company who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of Guntur.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana
November 10, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
A 3,000-year-old circular geoglyph was recently discovered in Telangana’s Medchal-Malkajgiri district.
What is Geoglyph?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Definition 1. Geoglyph refers to a design that is drawn on the earth.
2. The design is created by elements of the landscape that are long-lasting such as stones, earth, gravel and other things.Types of Geoglyph Positive Geoglyph: Created by arranging elements on the ground, such as petroforms (outlines made using boulders). Negative Geoglyph: Formed by removing part of the upper surfaces of rock to create a design. Arbor glyph: A type of geoglyph involving seeding plants in a specific design. Takes years to develop as it depends on plant growth. Examples of Geoglyph 1. Nazca Lines in Peru
2. Uffington White Horse in EnglandWhat are the features of Geoglyph discovered in Telangana?
Source: The Hindu Specifications Details Belongs to Period Iron Age, specifically around 1000 BC Features 1. Etched on a low-lying granitoid hillock
2. Features a perfect circular shape.
3. A 30-centimeter-wide rim surrounds the circle.
4. Within the circle, two triangles are presentSignificance Suggested to have served as a model for megalithic communities in planning their circular burial sites. UPSC Syllabus: History/Art and Culture
Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years
November 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd November 2023
Why in the News?
Chennai’s Collage is hosting an art exhibition showcasing Pichwai paintings, some of which date back 350 years.
What are Pichwai Paintings?
Pichwai paintings are a traditional form of Indian art that originated in the town of Nathdwara near Udaipur in the state of Rajasthan.
Key Features:
Specifications Details Subject matter Predominantly depicts stories and legends of Lord Krishna Traditional Techniques Done on clothes, usually khadi. Materials used Uses natural colors made from minerals and plant extracts. Stone pigments are used for gold and silver tones. Vegetable dyes are used for brighter orange, red, chrome yellow and kesari colors. Usage Hung behind the idol of Shrinathji, a local form of Krishna and the centre of Pushtimarg worship UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture in News
PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network
November 2, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network” published in “PIB” on 2nd November 2023
Contents
Why in the News?
Kozhikode in Kerala and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh have been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.
What is UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Specification Details Started by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) Launched in 2004 Aim To promote cooperation among cities which recognized creativity as a major factor in their urban development. Categories 1.Crafts and folk arts 2.Media arts 3.Film 4.Design 5.Gastronomy 6.Literature and 7.Music. Which Indian Cities are part of UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Cities Category Kozhikode City of Literature Gwalior City of Music Srinagar Crafts and Folk Arts Mumbai Film Hyderabad Gastronomy Chennai City of Music Jaipur Crafts and Folk Arts Varanasi City of Music Why have Kozhikode and Gwalior been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network ?
Kozhikode- Kozhikode carries the distinction of being home to over 500 public libraries. The effort of the city’s people, writers, journalists and local libraries have led to its inclusion as the ‘City of Literature’.
Gwalior- Gwalior is home to the Gwalior Gharana, which has one of the best music maestros like Baiju Bawra and Tansen. The city has become a popular destination for learning Indian classical music from musicians in the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
The recognition by UNESCO will help in boosting tourism in the two Indian cities.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/International Initiatives
India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers
November 1, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers” published in “Indian Express” on 1st November 2023
Why in the News?
India’s connection with Jerusalem dates back to 800 years to the establishment of Baba Farid’s lodge.
Who was Baba Farid?
Aspect Details Birth 1173 (Talwandi, Punjab, present-day Pakistan) Occupation Sufi Saint Belongs to Chishti Sufi Order Contribution Prominent Punjabi Sufi poet; His works are part of the Sikh scripture Granth Sahib Philosophy Emphasized love, devotion, and unity with God; Simplicity in life Famous Disciple Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325). He was responsible for making Delhi an important centre of the Chishti silsilah. What was Baba Farid’s connection with Jerusalem?
Shrine: Baba Farid is said to have meditated at a place in Jerusalem for 40 days.
– Indian Muslims on their way to Mecca started coming to the walled city of Jerusalem to pray at this location.
– Over time, this spot transformed into a shrine and a significant historical and religious site for Indian travelers.
Lodge: Baba Farid during his travels to Jerusalem prayed at the Al-Aqsa mosque and stayed at a lodge.
– This lodge later came to be known as Zawiya Al-Hindiya, meaning “the Lodge of Hind.” After Baba Farid’s departure, the lodge maintained its association with India.
– The medieval traveller Evliya Chelebi described Zawiya Al-Hindiya as one of the largest Zawiyas in the city in 1671.
– This lodge is currently under the ownership of the Waqf Board of India and is accessible only to individuals of Indian citizenship or heritage.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district
October 31, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district” published in “The Hindu” on 31st October 2023
Why in the News?
Three people died during the celebration of the Banni Festival in Andhra Pradesh.
What is the Banni Festival?
Specification Details Type It is a traditional stick fight celebration. Celebrated during Night of Dussehra (Vijayadashami) Purpose To mark the victory of Lord Shiva (Mala Malleswara Swamy) and Goddess Parvati (Malamma) over demons Mani and Mallasura who used to trouble people at Devaragattu region. Origin Since the times of Vijayanagara Empire. Participation Devotees from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka participate as the Mala Malleswara Swamy Temple is located on the border of these states. Rituals Devotees visit the temple with weapons like long sticks or lathis for hitting each other with these sticks on the head to get hold of ceremonial idols of local deities.
While one group of devotees make attempts to hijack the idols, the other group try to defend themselves along with protecting the deities.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/Festivals
Vajra Mushti Kalaga: A martial art form in terminal decline
October 27, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Vajra Mushti Kalaga: A martial art form in terminal decline” published in “The Hindu” on 26th October 2023
Why in the News?
Vajra mushti kalaga is a martial art form.It has gone extinct and takes place only during Dasara.
What is Vajra Mushti Kalaga?
Source: The Hindu
Specifications Details Vajra Mushti Kalaga It is a Martial Art Form Meaning Thunderbolt Fist Objective Neutralize opponent and counter their weapon Technique used Hand-to-hand combat like grappling, wrestling, and striking Weapon used Knuckle Duster, a small metal weapon. Knuckle duster Material Made of animal horns and worn on the knuckles of the fighter Characteristics It is a form of wrestling different from conventional grappling.
In this, two persons take a swipe at each other’s head with a knuckle duster.
Whoever draws the blood from the opponent’s head first is declared the winner.Popular During Vijayanagar rulers (14th-17th centuries) Significance Noticed by medieval travelers from Portugal during Navaratri celebrations in Vijayanagar empire UPSC Syllabus Topic: Paintings and other art forms
Dogra architecture gets a revival at J&K’s Maharaj Gunj
October 26, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Dogra architecture gets a revival at J&K’s Maharaj Gunj” published in “The Hindu” on 26th October 2023
Why in the News?
Srinagar Smart City Ltd. and the Kashmir chapter of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) have joined hands to conserve vernacular elements of Dogra architecture in Kashmir.
What is Dogra Architecture?
Dogra architecture refers to the traditional architectural style and building practices associated with the Dogra community.
They primarily ruled over Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 to 1947.
Examples of Dogra Architecture: Mubarak mandi, Jharokha style of balcony, Amar Mahal Palace.
Key Features of Dogra Architecture:
1. Use of Local Materials: Dogra architecture often utilizes locally available materials such as wood, stone, and clay, which help in maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature and provide insulation from the harsh weather.
2. Sloping Roofs: Houses in this style typically have sloping roofs to allow for the shedding of snow and rain which is common in the region.
3. Carved Wooden Elements: Intricate wood carvings on doors, windows and balconies showcasing the artistic skills of the local craftsmen.
4. Courtyard Design: Houses are often designed around a central courtyard, providing a private and functional space for the family.
5. Adaptation to Climate: Dogra architecture is designed to withstand extreme weather conditions, including cold winters and hot summers.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: Architecture
₹2.9-crore project to improve amenities around Edakkal Caves
October 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “₹2.9-crore project to improve amenities around Edakkal Caves” published in “The Hindu” on 23rd October 2023
What is the News?
Kerala Tourism has launched a project to improve civic amenities around the Edakkal Caves in Wayanad.
Where is Edakkal Caves?
Located in: Wayanad,Kerala
Hills: The caves are located 3,900 feet above sea level in the Ambukuthi Hills.
Meaning: Edakkal Caves are not actually caves. They are part of a prehistoric rock shelter formed naturally when one huge boulder got wedged between two bigger ones. That’s why the name Edakkal itself means “a stone in between”.
Features: The caves feature Neolithic-era pictorial writings dating back to at least 6,000 BCE.
– The cave has engravings of human and animal figures besides symbols and letters.
– The Muniyaras or ancient burial sites have been discovered in these caves.This has yielded a rich collection of ancient earthenware and pottery.
Must visit Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in Kumaon: PM
October 18, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Must visit Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in Kumaon: PM” published in “Economic Times” on 18th October 2023
What is the News?
The Prime Minister has encouraged people to visit the Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
What are Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples?
Jageshwar: It is a Hindu pilgrimage town in the Almora district of Uttarakhand.
– It is known for its group of 125 ancient temples built between the 7th and 14th centuries.
– These temples were primarily constructed and restored by the Katyuri dynasty kings.These temples are dedicated to various deities with many honouring Lord Shiva.
– It is believed that Lord Shiva came to meditate in the dense forests of Jageshwar, leaving behind these temples as a testimony of his presence.
– Architecture: The Jageshwar temples are a prime example of the Nagara style of architecture.
– The temples are characterized by intricately carved stone structures and tall shikharas.
– The engravings and sculptures on the temple walls depict various deities and mythological narratives, offering a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Parvati Kund: It is located in Uttarakhand.It is situated at an elevation of about 5,338 feet.
– It is believed to be the location where Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati engaged in meditation.
How is GI-tagged Jaderi namakatti made in Tamil Nadu?
October 17, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “How is GI-tagged Jaderi namakatti made in Tamil Nadu?” published in “The Hindu” on 17th October 2023
What is the News?
Jaderi namakatti from Tamil Nadu has been recently given the Geographical Indications(GI) Tag.
What is Jaderi Namakatti?
Jaderi Namakatti is a type of clay stick that is white in colour.They are usually available in finger-like shape with a smooth texture.
Who makes it?
People from a small village called Jaderi in Tiruvannamalai district,Tamil Nadu make it.
What is it made from?
The namakatti is made from the rich deposit of hydrous silicate minerals.The clay is processed and shaped into finger-like sticks.
The production of Namakatti depends on the weather.It needs a lot of sunlight to dry properly.
Significance: Jaderi Namakatti are used to adorn the foreheads of idols, men and temple elephants.
What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa
October 12, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa” published in “Indian Express” on 12th October 2023
What is the News?
Goan cashew (kernel) has been granted the geographical indication (GI) tag.
How did cashew come to Goa and become a contributor to the economy?
Cashew was native to northeast Brazil in Latin America and was introduced to Goa by the Portuguese in the 16th century (1570).
At the time of its introduction on Indian coasts, cashew was known mainly as a crop for afforestation and soil conservation.
However, the economic value of cashew nuts became known about a century after its introduction.
The first cashew factory in Goa started operations in 1926 and the first consignment of cashew kernels was exported in 1930.
By 1961, the cashew processing industry accounted for about 60% of industrial production in Goa, a bulk of which was exported.
What is the significance of Goan Cashew getting GI Tag?
Cashew manufacturers and processors in Goa have said that the GI tag for Goan cashew would help consumers differentiate between authentic Goan cashews and cashews sourced from outside the state which are often marketed as ‘Goan cashews’.
Udangudi Panangarupatti gets GI tag
October 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Udangudi Panangarupatti gets GI tag” published in “The Hindu” on 9th October 2023
What is the News?
Udangudi ‘Panangkarupatti’ from Tamil Nadu has received a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag.
What is Udangudi Panangkarupatti?
Udangudi Panangkarupatti is also referred to as palm jaggery.
It is prepared using the palm sap collected from the inflorescence of palmyra trees that grow on the red sand dunes in and around the Tiruchendur region in Tamil Nadu.
Uniqueness of Udangudi Panangkarupatti:
Firstly, the palm jaggery preparation procedure in this area is traditional till date without inclusion of any additional modern strategies.
— Triple super phosphate and phosphoric acid are used in many other areas, but no such chemical additives are used in Udangudi Panangkarupatti.
Secondly, the jaggery prepared from the palm sap from the region is unique due to the presence of red sand dune soil found in the region.
— This soil holds less groundwater. The moisture content in the atmosphere is less because of the dry climatic condition which leads to high sucrose content, in turn adding taste.
PM releases commemorative coin and stamp on 500th birth anniversary of Veerangana Rani Durgavati
October 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “PM releases commemorative coin and stamp on 500th birth anniversary of Veerangana Rani Durgavati” published in “PIB” on 9th October 2023
What is the News?
The Prime Minister performed bhoomi poojan of ‘Veerangana Rani Durgavati Smarak aur Udyaan‘ during the 500th birth anniversary of Rani Durgavati.
Who is Rani Durgavati?
Rani Durgavati (1524 – 1564) was the ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564.She was born in Mahoba’s Chandela dynasty.
She is chiefly remembered for defending her kingdom against the Mughal Empire.
She was married to Dalpat Shah, the son of the Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga.This kingdom is noted as one of the most powerful kingdoms of the Gond tribe.
However, Dalpat Shah died in 1550 and due to the young age of their son, Durgavati took the reins of the Gondwana kingdom.
War with Mughals: In 1562, Akbar conquered Malwa and made it a Mughal dominion.Consequently, the state boundary of the Rani touched the Mughal Empire.
– Rani’s contemporary was a Mughal General, Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan.The prosperity of Rani Durgavati’s state lured him, and he invaded Rani’s state after taking permission from the Mughal emperor Akbar.
– When Rani heard about the attack, she decided to defend her kingdom with all her might. She maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.
– However, soon the Mughals fortified the area and overwhelmed the Gonds. While fighting them in battle, she is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger to not surrender to the Mughal forces.
Recognitions and Honors: In 1983, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the University of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.
– The government of India issued a postal stamp commemorating her death on 24 June 1988.
– The train between Jabalpur Junction and Jammutawi is known as Durgavati Express after the name of the Queen.
– Indian Coast Guard in 2018 commissioned ICGS Rani Durgavati, the third Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) of its kind.
Sarakka Central Tribal University approved for Telangana: The figures of Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance
October 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Sarakka Central Tribal University approved for Telangana: The figures of Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance” published in “Indian Express” on 7th October 2023
Contents
What is the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the Sarakka Central Tribal University which will come up in Mulugu district,Telangana.
Why has Sarakka Central Tribal University been approved for Telangana?
The Tribal University was a commitment made by the Central government as a part of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
The Act led to the split of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement.
Under the Act, both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana would get support to establish a tribal university each.
Who was Sammakka and Sarakka?
Sammakka is said to have been married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas(a Deccan dynasty) who ruled the Warangal area.
She had two daughters and one son – Sarakka or Saralamma, Nagulamma and Jampanna, respectively.
In the 13th-century, in a battle against the local rulers in protest against the imposition of taxes, Saralamma died while Sammakka disappeared into the hills.
The local (Koya) tribals believed that she (Sammakka) metamorphosed into a vermillion casket.
What is Sammakka Saralamma Jatara?
Sammakka Saralamma Jatara is a tribal festival celebrated in the state of Telangana.The Jatra begins at Medaram in Mulugu district.
The festival commemorates the battle of the mother-daughter duo against the imposition of taxes on the Koya people.
Over the period, the festival has assumed so much importance that it is believed that after Kumbh Mela, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest number of devotees in the country.
The Samakka-Sarakka Jatara was also declared as a state festival in 1996.
The festival also sees regular participation by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, as much as by the state government of Telangana.
Arunachal Yak churpi gets GI tag, to boost conservation
October 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Arunachal Yak churpi gets GI tag, to boost conservation” published in “Deccan Herald” on 7th October 2023
What is the News?
Yak Churpi of Arunachal Pradesh has been given recognition with a Geographical Indication (GI).
What is Yak Churpi?
Yak Churpi is a naturally fermented milk product prepared from the milk of Arunachalee yak.
It is an excellent source of proteins and is frequently used as a substitute for vegetables by tribal yak herders in the vegetation-starved cold and hilly mountainous regions of the state.
It is also considered an integral part of the tangible cultural and tribal heritage of this Himalayan state.
What is Arunachalee yak?
Arunachalee yak is a unique yak breed found in West Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh.
This breed is reared by tribal yak pastoralists known as Brokpas who migrate along with their yaks to higher reaches up to 10,000 ft altitude and higher during summers and descent to mid-altitude mountainous regions during winters.
What is Himalayan Yak?
GI tags for Basohli Pashmina, Udhampur’s Kalari
October 6, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “GI tags for Basohli Pashmina, Udhampur’s Kalari” published in “Hindustan Times” on 6th October 2023
What is the News?
Basohli Pashmina and Kalari cuisine from Jammu and Kashmir has got the Geographical Indication(GI) tag.
What is Basohli Pashmina?
Source: KashmirObserver
Basohli Pashmina is a more than 100-year-old traditional craft from Jammu and Kashmir’s Kathua district.
It is a hand-spun product known for extreme softness, fineness and light-weight.
Granting it a GI tag would not only protect the exceptional craftsmanship of these artisans but also preserve its uniqueness.
Note: Pashmina Shawl is a fine wool made from the undercoat of the Changthangi or Pashmina goat.
What is Kalari?
Kalari is a Dogra cuisine.The dish finds its origin in Udhampur district,J&K.
The dish is made from milk and is a dense cheese.It’s cooked in its own fat, salted, and served hot with bun slices.
First public sector caravan park in Kerala to bring in more tourists to Bekal Fort
October 6, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “First public sector caravan park in Kerala to bring in more tourists to Bekal Fort” published in “The Hindu” on 6th October 2023
What is the News?
The Kerala Tourism Development Corporation(KTDC) will develop the caravan park and camp shelter at Bekal Fort.
What is Bekal Fort?
Bekal Fort is located in Kasargod district, Kerala.It is the largest fort in Kerala.
It was built in the 17th century by Shivappa Nayaka of the Keladi dynasty.
The fort has seen rise and fall of several dynasties and later came under the control of the Kingdom of Mysore.
Structure: The fort appears to emerge from the sea.Almost three-quarters of its exterior is in contact with water.
– An important feature of the fort is the water-tank and the flight of steps leading to an observation tower built by Tipu Sultan.
– The fort’s zigzag entrance and surrounding trenches reveal its defensive strategy.Holes on the outer walls are designed to defend the fort effectively from naval attacks.The upper holes are meant for aiming at the farthest targets; lower holes below for striking as enemy nearer and the lowest holes to attacking enemy closest to the fort.
– The fort’s solid construction resembles the Thalassery Fort and the St. Angelo Fort at Kannur built by the Dutch.
Toto Language: A dictionary to save a language from extinction
October 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Toto Language: A dictionary to save a language from extinction” published in “The Hindu” on 2nd October 2023
What is the News?
A dictionary titled “Toto Shabda Sangraha” is set to be released with the aim of preserving the Toto language.
What is Toto Language?
Toto is a Sino-Tibetan language.It is primarily spoken orally and is currently written in the Bengali script.
It is spoken by barely 1,600 people living in parts of West Bengal bordering Bhutan.
It is listed as a critically endangered language by UNESCO.
What is Toto Shabda Sangraha?
Toto Shabda Sangraha is a dictionary developed with the aim of preserving the Toto language.
The dictionary has been compiled by Bhakta Toto, a bank employee-cum-poet, and published jointly by the trust and Bhasha Samsad
Jharkhand CM writes to PM, seeks recognition of Sarna religious code for tribals
September 30, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Jharkhand CM writes to PM, seeks recognition of Sarna religious code for tribals” published in “Indian Express” on 28th September 2023.
Contents
What is the News?
Jharkhand Chief Minister has written to the Prime Minister seeking recognition of the ‘Sarna’ religious code for tribals.
What is Sarna religion?
Followers of Sarna faith regard themselves as belonging to a distinct religious group.
They are nature worshippers.The holy grail of the Sarna faith is “Jal (water), Jungle (forest), Zameen (land)”.
The followers of Sarna faith pray to the trees and hills while believing in protecting the forest areas.
Believers of Sarna faith do not practice idol worship, nor do they adhere to the concept of the Varna system, heaven-hell, etc.
The followers are largely concentrated in the tribal belt states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam.
What are Sarna faith people demanding?
Sarna followers are demanding to include ‘Sarna’ as a separate religion for indigenous people in the next census.
A separate ‘Sarna’ code in the census is the key to a distinct identity for tribals as without it, they are classified as Hindus or Muslims or Christians.
How will Sarna’s recognition as a separate religion help?
Recognition as a separate religious community will enable better protection of their language and history.
Hoysala temples on UNESCO heritage list: What sets the ‘Sacred Ensembles’ apart, what stories they tell
September 25, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Hoysala temples on UNESCO heritage list: What sets the ‘Sacred Ensembles’ apart, what stories they tell” published in Indian Express on 25th September 2023
Contents
What is the News?
Three Hoysala-era temples in Karnataka made it to UNESCO’s World Heritage List, under the collective entry of ‘Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas’.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
What makes Hoysala Temples architecture stand out?
Use of Soapstone: Hoysala temples are known for their intricate sculptures, and this is made possible by the use of soapstone, which is easy to carve.These sculptures depict various subjects, including animals, daily life scenes and stories from epics and Puranas, providing insights into the society of that era.
Unique Confluence of Styles: Hoysala architecture combines three distinct architectural styles – mainstream Dravidian architecture (seen in Pallava and Chola temples), Vesara style (a variant of Dravida style from Chalukya and Rashtrakuta temples), and North Indian Nagara style. This blend of styles was influenced by the Hoysalas military expeditions to different regions, bringing in diverse artistic influences.
Star-Shaped Platforms: Hoysala temples are typically constructed on star-shaped platforms, and they comprise multiple structures within the complex.The walls and pillars are adorned with intricate sculptures, often with rich narratives and descriptions.
Artistic Signatures: A distinctive feature of Hoysala temples is that sculptors and masons left their names and sometimes additional details on the temple structures, providing historical insights into the craftsmen behind these remarkable creations.
Transition to Hinduism: These temples were constructed during a period when Jainism was prevalent in the region, signifying a shift towards Hinduism in the Hoysala dynasty.
What makes the three Hoysala temples on UNESCO list special?
The three Hoysala temples on the UNESCO list are particularly special due to their exceptional preservation and artistic significance:
Chennakesava Temple at Belur: This temple is renowned for its 46 unique pillars (except for four in the central bay) and its intricate sculptures.One of the sculptures, “Darpana Sundari” (lady with the mirror), is believed to be modeled after Queen Shantala Devi.
Kesava Temple in Somanathapura: This temple has a distinctive 16-point star-shaped design and houses three shrines dedicated to Keshava, Janardhana, and Venugopala.Unfortunately, the Keshava statue is now missing.
Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu: Despite its current ruined state, this temple is considered one of the highest achievements of Hoysala architecture.The infinite wealth of sculpture over the exterior of this temple makes it one of the most remarkable monuments of the world and a repository of religious thought expressed in plastic form.
– Halebidu was raided by Malik Kafur, a general of the then Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji.
NOTE-Some of the other recently added UNESCO sites are as follows-
1) Rani Ki Vav-(The Queen’s Stepwell)- Gujrat-2014
2) Great Himalayan National Park -Himachal Pradesh-2014
3) Nalanda- Bihar-2016
4) Khangchendzonga National Park- Sikkim-2016
5) Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex) -Chandigarh-2016
6) The Historic City -Ahmedabad-2017
7) Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles -Mumbai-2018
8) The Pink City- Jaipur-2019
9) Kakatiya Rudreshwara(Ramappa)Temple- Telangana-2021
10) Dholavira – Gujarat-2021
11) Santiniketan -West Bengal-2023
Madhya Pradesh CM unveils Adi Shankaracharya statue at Omkareshwar: Its story, significance
September 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Madhya Pradesh CM unveils Adi Shankaracharya statue at Omkareshwar: Its story, significance” published in Indian Express on 23rd September 2023
What is the News?
Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister has unveiled the 108-foot-tall ‘Statue of Oneness’ of Adi Shankaracharya at Omkareshwar, Madhya Pradesh.
The statue depicts Shankaracharya as a 12-year-old child when he is said to have visited Omkareshwar.
Note: The Government of Madhya Pradesh has invested a lot to develop the Omkareshwar town located on the Mandhata island which will form an important tourism circuit, along with Ujjain, Maheshwar and Mandu religious towns.
Who was Adi Shankaracharya?
Adi Shankara is believed to have lived between 788 and 820 AD.He was born in Kerela’s Kaladi, situated on the bank of the Periyar River.
He became a sanyasin at an early age and went to Omkareshwar.He then studied under his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada.
Philosophy and works of Adi Shankaracharya:
Non-Dualism (Advaita Vedanta): Shankaracharya’s central philosophy revolved around the concept of “Brahman,” the ultimate reality or cosmic consciousness, being the only true and unchanging reality.He argued that the individual self (Atman) is ultimately identical with Brahman and that the perceived duality of the world is an illusion (maya). This non-dualistic perspective is a cornerstone of Advaita Vedanta.
Writings: Shankaracharya is known for his extensive writings and commentaries on various Hindu scriptures, particularly the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita.
– His commentaries helped to clarify and systematize the teachings of Advaita Vedanta. Some of his most famous works include the “Brahma Sutra Bhashya,” the “Vivekachudamani,” and the “Atma Bodha”.
Travel: He is said to have visited all the important spiritual centres of the time — from Kanchi (Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu) to Kamrup (Assam), and Kashmir and the Kedar and Badri dhams, as well as Sringeri, Ujjain, Kashi, Puri, and Joshimath.
Why is Mandhata island considered an important religious destination?
The Mandhata island on the Narmada River is an important religious destination because it houses two of the 12 Jyotirlingas, which are considered sacred manifestations of Lord Shiva.
One of these Jyotirlingas is called Omkareshwara and the other is Amareshwara.The island is also close to the Mahakaleshwara Jyotirlinga in Ujjain.
The island is adorned with Shaivite, Vaishnavite, and Jain temples dating back to the 14th and 18th centuries.
The name ‘Omkareshwar’ is derived from the shape of the island, which resembles the sacred syllable ‘Om’, and its name means ‘the Lord of Omkara’.
India’s First Lighthouse Festival begins in Goa from Tomorrow
September 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “India’s First Lighthouse Festival begins in Goa from Tomorrow” published in PIB on 23rd September 2023
Contents
What is the News?
The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways is going to inaugurate India’s First Lighthouse Festival from the Fort Aguada Lighthouse in Panjim, Goa.
What is a Lighthouse?
A Lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid, for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
What is India’s first ever Lighthouse Festival?
To be held at: Fort Aguada in Goa
Purpose: It would be a three day event in carnival style with local artists, dance troupes, food and culinary stalls, music concerts and similar activities to attract common people to Lighthouses.
What is the Lighthouse Heritage Tourism campaign?
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways is planning to develop lighthouses into tourist hubs across the country under the ‘Lighthouse Heritage Tourism’ campaign.
The campaign will be undertaken under the Public–Private Partnership(PPP) model.
As part of the campaign, old lighthouses will be given a new life and 75 lighthouses across the country will be developed into tourist hubs and developed on the lines of those in Europe and America.
Three Hoysala temples declared World Heritage Sites
September 20, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Three Hoysala temples declared World Heritage Sites” published in The Hindu on 19th September 2023
What is the News?
The Sacred Ensembles of Hoysalas were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas comprises three temples in Karnataka namely the Channakeshava temple in Belur, the Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu and the Keshava temple in Somanathapura.
These temples were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries by the Hoysala kings and are dedicated to deities Shiva and Vishnu.
These temples are known for their ornate and incredibly detailed stone carvings that are put together in a stellate plan on a star-shaped raised platform.
The material used in temple construction is chlorite schist which is also known as soapstone that is soft and amiable to carving.
The temples have horizontal friezes and many of the sculptures are signed by artists which is unique in the history of Indian art while the doorways show intricate carvings showcasing the excellence achieved by the artist.
Karnataka’s sacred ensembles of Hoysalas inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list
September 19, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Karnataka’s sacred ensembles of Hoysalas inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list” published in Indian Express on 19th September 2023
What is the News?
The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas has been inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.This will be India’s 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas comprises three temples in Karnataka namely the Channakeshava temple in Belur, the Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu and the Keshava temple in Somanathapura.
These temples were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries by the Hoysala kings and are dedicated to deities Shiva and Vishnu.
Channakeshava temple – Belur:
Chennakeshava Temple is also referred to as Vijayanarayana Temple of Belur.It is a 12th-century Hindu temple in Karnataka.
It is located on the banks of Yagachi River (also called Badari River in historic texts), a tributary of Hemavati River.
The temple was commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana in 1117 CE, on the banks of the Yagachi River in Belur also called Velapura, an early Hoysala Empire capital.
The temple is devoted to Vishnu.
The richly sculptured exterior of the temple narrates scenes from the life of Vishnu and his reincarnations and the epics, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.However, some of the representations of Shiva are also included.
Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu:
Hoysaleswara temple also referred simply as the Halebidu temple is a 12th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.It is located on the banks of Dwarasamudra tank.
The temple was built in 1121CE during the reign of the Hoysala King, Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleshwara.
The temple is most well-known for the more than 240 wall sculptures that run all along the outer wall.
Keshava Temple- Somanathapura:
Keshava Temple is a Vaishnava temple on the banks of River Kaveri at Somanathapura, Karnataka.
The temple was consecrated in 1258 CE by Somanatha Dandanayaka, a general of the Hoysala King Narasimha III.
The temple is enclosed in a courtyard with a pillared corridor of small shrines (damaged).The main temple in the center is on a high star-shaped platform with three symmetrical sanctums (garbha-griha).
The western sanctum was for a statue of Kesava (missing), the northern sanctum of Janardhana and the southern sanctum of Venugopala, all forms of Vishnu.
Why London’s India Club, visited by leaders like Nehru, Mountbatten and VK Menon, is closing down
September 19, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Why London’s India Club, visited by leaders like Nehru, Mountbatten and VK Menon, is closing down” published in Indian Express on 18th September 2023
Contents
What is the News?
London’s India Club is set to close down permanently on September 17 after decades of operations.
What is India Club?
India club is located in the Strand Continental Hotel in London,UK.
It was started in 1951 by the India League, a British organization that started out as an advocate for Indian independence and self-rule (swaraj) and included members of the elite in British society.
Later on, it hoped to play a role in furthering Indo-British friendship in the post-independence era.
Which famous personalities visited India Club?
VK Krishna Menon, the diplomat and former Indian Defence Minister had a role to play in the founding of the Club as one of the secretaries of the India Club.
Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first President of independent India, Lord Mountbatten – the last Viceroy of India, former Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the first British Indian MP Dadabhai Naoroji visited this club.
Why is India Club closing down?
The India Club is shutting down due to a combination of factors.The owners have been running the establishment since 1997. In 2018, they faced a threat of partial demolition when the landlords wanted to modernize the building. They launched a “Save India Club” campaign and initially succeeded in preventing demolition.
However, the COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK severely affected restaurant businesses, and the owners also faced steep rent increases during a cost-of-living crisis.These challenges made it financially unsustainable for them to continue running the India Club.
Tagore’s home Santiniketan added to UNESCO World Heritage List
September 18, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Tagore’s home Santiniketan added to UNESCO World Heritage List” published in Indian Express on 18th September 2023
What is the News?
Santiniketan, the home of late Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage sites list.
What is Santiniketan?
Santiniketan is a town located in West Bengal’s Birbhum district.
The name of the city literally means the ‘abode of peace’.It was named after a local dacoit Bhuban and was earlier called ‘Bhubandanga’.
Established by: It was originally an ashram built by Debendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) where anyone, irrespective of caste and creed, could come and spend time meditating on the one Supreme God.
– Later, Rabindranath Tagore envisioned it as a university town and established a school.It was called Brahmachary Ashram, and was later expanded into the Visva-Bharati University.
Features: Distinct from the prevailing British colonial architectural orientations of the early 20th century and of European modernism, Santiniketan represents approaches toward a pan-Asian modernity, drawing on ancient, medieval and folk traditions from across the region.
– Santiniketan is also adorned with splendid sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings created by renowned artists such as Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose (one of the pioneers of modern Indian art) and Ramkinkar Baij (master sculptor and painter) among others.
Significance: Visva-Bharati in Santiniketan is Bengal’s only central university.The Prime Minister is the chancellor of the varsity.
Some other recent additions-
A) Dholavira-Gujrat-2021
B) Ramappa Temple-Telangana-2021
Konark Wheel replica serves as backdrop of PM welcome handshake with G20 leaders
September 14, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Konark Wheel replica serves as backdrop of PM welcome handshake with G20 leaders” published in Hindu Business Line on 12th September 2023
What is the News?
A replica of the Konark Wheel from the Konark Sun temple in Odisha served as the backdrop of the Prime Minister’s welcome handshake with G20 leaders as they arrived at Bharat Mandapam.
What is the Konark Wheel?
Konark Wheel was built during the 13th century under the reign of King Narasimhadeva-I of the Ganga dynasty.
The wheel with 24 spokes is also adapted into India’s national flag and embodies ancient wisdom, advanced civilization, and architectural excellence.
The rotating motion of the wheel symbolizes time or the Kalachakra as well as progress and continuous change in the universe.
As a symbol of the wheel of democracy, it reflects the resilience of democratic ideals, and commitment to progress in society.
Konark Wheel sculpture is featured on the recent Rs 10 currency notes.The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the Rs 10 currency note in 2018.It showcases a profile portrait of Mahatma Gandhi on the front, while the reverse side highlights the exquisitely carved Konark wheel.
What is Konark Sun Temple?
‘Bharat: Mother of Democracy’ portal launched at G20 exhibition
September 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Bharat: Mother of Democracy’ portal launched at G20 exhibition” published in New Indian Express on 9th September 2023
What is the News?
On the eve of the G20 leadership summit, the Ministry of Culture has launched a ‘Bharat: The Mother of Democracy’ Portal.
What is ‘Bharat: The Mother of Democracy’ Portal?
Source: PIB
Bharat: The Mother of Democracy portal offers content that delves into India’s democratic legacy spanning an astonishing 7,000 years.
Sections: The portal is divided into five sections and 22 sub-sections starting from Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation (6000- 2000 BCE), Mahajanapada and Gantantra (7-8 BCE), Vijaynagar Empire (14-16 century) and Mughal emperor Akbar reign (1556-1605) to Constitution of India (1947) and Elections in Modern India (1952 onwards).
Languages: The content on the portal is available in 16 languages including German, French, Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, and Russian besides English and Hindi.
Content developed by: The content for the portal has been curated by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), which is a center for research, academic pursuit and dissemination in the field of the arts under the Ministry of Culture.
Tribes India Pavilion at crafts bazaar at Bharat Mandapam Showcases wide range of tribal Art for G20 Leaders’ Summit
September 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Tribes India Pavilion at crafts bazaar at Bharat Mandapam Showcases wide range of tribal Art for G20 Leaders’ Summit” published in PIB on 9th September 2023
What is the News?
The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd (TRIFED), Ministry of Tribal Affairs is showcasing a wide range of traditional tribal art, artifacts, paintings and many more at the ‘Tribes India’ pavilion.
The exhibition is being hosted at the Crafts Bazaar as part of the G-20 Leaders’ Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
What are the tribal arts showcased at the Tribes India pavilion?
Pithora Art: It is a ritualistic painting characterized by animated figures and lavish use of color.
– These paintings are done by the Rathwa, Bhilala, Naik and Bhil tribes of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
– The paintings speak of the social, cultural and mythological life and beliefs of the tribals.The painting are a medium of propitiation, thanksgiving and commemoration of
auspicious occasions.
– Padma Shri awardee Shri Paresh Rathwa is a renowned artist of Pithora art.
What are the other tribal arts displayed at the Tribes India pavilion?
Gond painting from Madhya Pradesh.
Saura painting by artisans from Odisha.
Angora and Pashmina shawls from the high altitudes of Leh-Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh.
The colorful jewellery by the Konyak tribes of Nagaland appeases the eye.
Maheshwari silk sarees from Madhya Pradesh: It is worn during religious functions and auspicious events.
Dhokra jewellery: It is carved out of molten metals, beads, colorful glass pieces, and wooden balls.Tribal artisans from West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are the architects of these pieces of intrinsic art.
Thrissur rocks to the rhythm of Pulikkali
September 4, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Thrissur rocks to the rhythm of Pulikkali” published in The Hindu on 3rd September 2023
What is the News?
The traditional folk dance of Kerala ‘Pulikkali’ was performed on the occasion of Onam.
What is Pulikkali?
Pulikkali (Tiger Dance) is one of the folk art forms of Kerala.
The artists wear a tiger mask, paint their bodies like tigers and dance to the rhythm of traditional percussion instruments such as thakil, udukku and chenda.
It is performed on the fourth day of Onam festival.
It is believed to have originated two centuries ago as a street dance form and became part of Onam celebrations later.
It is said to have been introduced by the erstwhile ruler of Cochin, Maharaja Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran.
The main theme of this folk art is tiger hunting with participants playing the role of tiger and hunter.
Usually, men and children perform this art form.For the first time, 3 women among a 51-member team participated in the Pulikali at Thrissur in 2016.
From Magna Carta to Ashtadhyayi: artefacts to grace G-20 corridor
September 2, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “From Magna Carta to Ashtadhyayi: artefacts to grace G-20 corridor ” published in The Hindu on 2nd September 2023
What is the News?
Several objects of cultural significance will be displayed at the special Culture Corridor which will be set up at the venue of the G-20 summit in New Delhi.
What is a G20 Culture Corridor?
The Ministry of Culture has conceptualized the Culture Corridor – G20 Digital Museum to represent and celebrate the shared heritage of G20 members and invitee countries.
This project is based on India’s G20 theme Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ and the Culture Working Group’s (CWG) hallmark campaign ‘Culture Unites All”.
The Culture Corridor will incorporate iconic and notable cultural objects and heritage of the G20 members and 9 invitee countries.
For this, submissions were requested from G-20 countries and nine guest nations under five categories: 1) Object of Cultural Significance (as a physical display) 2) Iconic Cultural Masterpiece (as a digital display) 3) Intangible Cultural Heritage (digital display) 4) Natural Heritage (digital display) and 5) Artefact Related to Democratic Practices (physical or digital display)
What will be displayed at the Culture Corridor being set up at the venue of the G-20 summit in New Delhi?
India: The Rig Veda manuscript will be exhibited with a special emphasis on the shloka that encourages humanity to come together.
– Ancient text Ashtadhyayi authored by Sanskrit philologist and scholar Panini will also be displayed.
– In the intangible heritage category, India will be displaying yoga, the Kumbh Mela, Vedic chanting, the lost wax bronze casting method, and the double ikkat weaving Patan Patola of Gujarat.
– In the natural heritage category, India will display the Himalayas, the Ganges, the Indian Ocean, the Living Root Bridge of Meghalaya and the Royal Bengal Tiger.
Other Countries: 1) ‘Mrs Ples’– a 2.5-million-year-old fossil cranium from South Africa 2) 18th century Fahua lidded porcelain jay of China 3) copy of the Magna Carta issued by the King of England
4) copy of the Charters of Freedom (Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 1776-1791) of the US 5) copy of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen National Assembly (France, 1789) 6) poster of the first democratic general election of Republic of Korea held in May 1948 among others.
Artistes breathe a new life into Seethakali folk art
August 30, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Artistes breathe a new life into Seethakali folk art” published in The Hindu on 28th August 2023
What is the News?
The Perinad Seethakali Sangham, a group of artists from diverse backgrounds, revived the dying Seethakali folk art form in 2017.
This group is now set to perform outside Kerala for the first time
What is Seethakali folk art?
Seethakali is a traditional folk-dance drama from Desinganad, Kerala.It is primarily performed during the Onam festivities.
Performed by: The performance is carried out by Dalit artists belonging to the Veda and Pulaya communities.
Based on: The art form is based on certain episodes taken from the epic Ramayana.
– The performance portrays the tale of Sita’s journey, from vanayatra (exile to the forest) to Sita’s andardhanam (descend into the earth).
Key Features: The art form is a blend of songs, storytelling and fast movements.It is accompanied by instruments such as ganjira, manikatta, chiratta and kaimani.
– The costumes and the make-up are loud and eye-catching.The characters of Rama and Laxmana appear in green since the color is used to represent gods and goddesses in Kathakali.
Reason for decline: Seethakali songs were orally transmitted from one generation to the next, which led to a pause in the tradition.
In Jaisalmer fossils, scientists find a new dinosaur species, name it after Thar desert
August 8, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “In Jaisalmer fossils, scientists find a new dinosaur species, name it after Thar desert” published in TOI n 8th August 2023.
What is the News?
Scientists from IIT-Roorkee and Geological Survey of India(GSI) have discovered the oldest fossil remains of a dinosaur species in Jaisalmer.They have named it ‘Tharosaurus indicus’.
What is Tharosaurus indicus?
Tharosaurus indicus is the name given to the fossil remains of a long-necked, plant-eating dicraeosaurid dinosaur found in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
It has been named ‘Tharosaurus indicus’ as the first name refers to the ‘Thar desert’ where the fossils were found and the second after its country of origin.
Why is this finding significant?
First Time found in India: The dicraeosaurid dinosaurs have been found previously in North and South Americas, Africa and China. But such fossils were not known from India. This is the first time it has been discovered in India.
Oldest known diplodocoid dinosaur: The rocks in which the fossils of Tharosaurus indicus were found are dated to be around 167 million years old, which makes this new Indian sauropod not only the oldest known dicraeosaurid dinosaur but also globally the oldest diplodocoid (broader group which includes dicraeosaurids and other closely related sauropods).
Note: Theories so far had suggested that the oldest dicraeosaurid was from China (about 166-164 million years old).
18th Century Tamil manuscripts found in monastery in Italy
August 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “18th Century Tamil manuscripts found in monastery in Italy” published in The Hindu on 7th August 2023.
What is the News?
Palm manuscripts from the 18th Century titled Gnanamuyarchi have been found in an Armenian monastery in Northern Italy.
What is Gnanamuyarchi?
Gnanamuyarchi are Tamil manuscripts found in an Armenian monastery in Northern Italy.
The manuscript could be a copy of the first Tamil translation of Spiritual Exercise, written by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 16th century.
The translation was mostly done by Michele Bertoldi, known in Tamil as Gnanaprakasasamy.
The manuscript was initially misclassified as ‘Indian Papyrus Lamulic Language–XIII Century,’ unaware that they were written in Tamil.
The monastery authorities think the manuscripts might have been brought to Italy by Armenians in Chennai.
The Ministry of Culture and the Indian Navy sign an MoU to revive the “ancient stitched shipbuilding method (Tankai method)”
July 20, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “The Ministry of Culture and the Indian Navy sign an MoU to revive the “ancient stitched shipbuilding method (Tankai method)”” published in PIB on 19th July 2023
What is the News?
The Ministry of Culture and Indian Navy have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to revive and preserve the 2000-year-old technique of shipbuilding known as the Tankai method.
What is the Tankai method?
The Tankai method is a 2000-year-old technique of shipbuilding. It is also known as ‘stitched shipbuilding method’.
In this method, the ships are constructed by stitching wooden planks together rather than using nails.
This method offers flexibility and durability to ships making them less susceptible to damage from shoals and sandbars.
The arrival of European ships led to a shift in shipbuilding techniques. But this art of stitching ships has survived in a few coastal regions of India, primarily for small local fishing boats.
How is the Ministry of Culture planning to revive the Tankai method?
The Ministry of Culture and Indian Navy have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to revive the Tankai method.
As per the MoU, the plan is to construct an ocean-going wooden stitched sail ship using the ancient Tankai method.
Significance: The significance of this stitched ship project extends beyond its construction.It aims to revive the maritime memory and instill a sense of pride in India’s rich maritime heritage among its citizens.
– Additionally, it aims to promote cultural memories among the Indian Ocean littoral countries.
A fascinating fusion of rock art at Rudragiri hillock
July 20, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “A fascinating fusion of rock art at Rudragiri hillock” published in The Hindu on 19th July 2023
Contents
What is the News?
Rudragiri hillock stands as a shining example of the rich historical and artistic legacy of Andhra Pradesh.
What is Rudragiri Hillock?
Rudragiri Hillock is located in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.
It is nestled amidst the Eastern Ghats, features five naturally formed rock shelters at its foothills, facing westward.
It features a unique combination of prehistoric rock paintings from the Mesolithic period and exquisite artwork from the Kakatiya dynasty, dating back to around 1300 AD.
Key Findings from the Rudragiri Hillock site:
The first cave presents a narrative mural portraying the intense battle between the Vanara brothers, Vali and Sugriva.
In the middle cave, a grand sketch of Hanuman, accompanied by sacred symbols of the conch (Sankha) and the fire altar (Yagna Vedi) is present. Hanuman is depicted carrying the Sanjivani hill in his right hand symbolizing his mission to save Lakshmana’s life.
The third cave houses the prehistoric rock paintings from the Mesolithic era. The Kakatiya artist chose the same rock shelter to superimpose the elegant figure of Hanuman who is portrayed in a unique ‘Anjali’ posture, folding his hands in a divine offering.
What is the Rudragiri Hillock connection with Telangana?
There is a striking resemblance between the splendid frescoes on Rudragiri’s rock shelters and those discovered in Muppavaram and Pandavula Gutta in Warangal district of Telangana.
These similarities suggest that the Ramayana scenes depicted at Rudragiri might have drawn inspiration from the artworks at Muppavaram.
Moreover, the Ganapati Deva (1199-1262 AD), the founder of Muppavaram temple and a prominent figure of the Kakatiya dynasty likely patronized the rich ancient mural heritage found at Rudragiri.
Skill India project successfully revives the dying Namda Art of Jammu and Kashmir
July 15, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Skill India project successfully revives the dying Namda Art of Jammu and Kashmir” published in PIB on 14th July 2023
What is the News?
The Union Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has flagged off the first batch of Namda Art products for export to the United Kingdom (UK).
What is Namda Art?
Namda is a type of traditional Kashmiri rug (rug is something made of woven fabric that covers a floor).
It is made of sheep wool through felting technique instead of the normal weaving process.
Note: Felting is the process of producing a textile or fabric by combining and compressing the loose fibers, wool or hair.
What has the government done to revive the Namda Art?
Due to low availability of raw material, lack of skilled manpower and marketing techniques, the export of Namda craft has declined almost 100 percent between 1998 and 2008.
To preserve this craft, the government has launched a project to revive the Namda craft under a Skill India’s Pilot Project as part of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
Under this project, nearly 2,200 candidates have been trained in the art of Namda craft, representing a significant milestone in preserving this traditional craft and empowering the local weavers and artisans.
This project sets a great example of the public-private partnership (PPP) model in the field of skill development, as it is being implemented in collaboration with local industry partners.
Sangam literature for the layman
July 14, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Sangam literature for the layman” published in The Hindu on 11th July 2023
What is the News?
Tamil Nadu Text Book and Education Services Corporation has released Patthuppattu, a collection of ten idylls, one of the earliest Sangam poetry collections.
Note: An idyll is a short poem descriptive of some picturesque scene or incident, mainly associated with pastoral life.
What is the Sangam Age?
The Sangam Age constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India.
According to Tamil legends, there existed three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) in ancient Tamil Nadu popularly called Muchchangam. These Sangams flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandyas.
The first Sangam, held at Then Madurai, was attended by gods and legendary sages but no literary work of this Sangam was available.
The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram but all the literary works had perished except Tolkappiyam.
The third Sangam at Madurai was founded by Mudathirumaran.It was attended by a large number of poets who produced voluminous literature but only a few had survived.These Tamil literary works remain useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam Age.
Sangam Literature:
The collection of Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku and the two epics – Silappathigaram and Manimegalai.
Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar is the earliest of Tamil literature.It is a work on Tamil grammar but it provides information on the political and socioeconomic conditions of the Sangam period.
The Ettutogai or Eight Anthologies consist of eight works.The Pattuppattu or Ten Idylls consist of ten works.Both Ettutogai and Pattuppattu were divided into two main groups – Aham (love) and Puram (valour).
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works mostly dealing with ethics and morals.The most important among them is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar.
Silappathigaram written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar also provides valuable information on the Sangam polity and society.
Kui language inclusion in 8th schedule gets approval of Odisha govt
July 12, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Kui language inclusion in 8th schedule gets approval of Odisha govt” published in New Indian Express on 11th July 2023
What is the News?
The Odisha Cabinet has approved a proposal to recommend the inclusion of the Kui language in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India.
What is Kui Language?
Kui is a South-Eastern Dravidian language spoken by the Khonds (also spelt Kondha and Kandha) community.
It is primarily spoken in the state of Odisha. It is traditionally written using the Odia script.
It is closely related to other languages in the Dravidian family such as Gondi and Kuvi.
It was also referred to as the Kuinga language during the historical period.
What are the benefits of inclusion of Kui Language in 8th Schedule?
It will help in the preservation, promotion, and propagation of the Kui language and culture;
Activities such as publication, creation of content and recognition will get momentum;
Create an eco-system to facilitate research & Studies anchored around the preservation, promotion and propagation of Kui Language.
At G20 meet, a Guinness effort to shine light on Karnataka’s Lambani craft
July 11, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “At G20 meet, a Guinness effort to shine light on Karnataka’s Lambani craft” published in Indian Express on 11th July 2023.
What is the News?
At the third G20 culture working group (CWG) meeting in Hampi, a Guinness world record was created for the ‘largest display of Lambani items’.
Over 450 Lambani women artisans and cultural practitioners associated with Sandur Kushala Kala Kendra Kendra (SKKK) came together to display Lambani items.
What is Lambani embroidery?
Lambani embroidery is a vibrant and intricate form of textile embellishment characterized by colorful threads, mirror work, and a rich array of stitch patterns.
Practised in: It is practised in several villages of Karnataka such as Sandur, Keri Tanda, Mariyammanahalli, Kadirampur, Sitaram Tanda, Bijapur, and Kamalapur.
Community involved: This embroidery is predominantly done by the skilled women of the Lambani community.It serves them as a vital source of livelihood and sustenance.
Features: Lambani embroidery involves stitching together small pieces of discarded fabric to create a beautiful fabric.
Significance: The embroidery traditions of the Lambanis are shared in terms of technique and aesthetics with textile traditions across Eastern Europe, West, and Central Asia.This signifies the movement of the nomadic communities across such regions historically, forming a shared artistic culture.
What is Sandur Kushala Kala Kendra Kendra (SKKK)?
Sandur Kushal Kala Kendra(SKKK) is a registered society established in 1988.
Aim: To revive traditional crafts and enhance the livelihoods of craftswomen by nurturing their skills, promoting their products, and thus ensuring a steady income.
Contribution to Lambani craft: SKKK has gained national and international recognition for the Lambani craft earning the prestigious UNESCO Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts in South Asia in 2004 and 2012.
– It has also obtained the GI (Geographical Indication) tag for the craft ‘Sandur Lambani hand embroidery’ in the year 2008.
Zo peoples of Manipur and Mizoram: ethnicity, religion, a shared history.
July 5, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Ethnicity, religion, a shared history: ties that bind the Zo peoples of Manipur & Mizoram” published in Indian Express on 5th July 2023.
What is the News?
Mizoram’s Zoram People’s Movement (ZPM) has called for a reunification of the Zo people in view of the continuing ethnic violence between the dominant Meiteis and the Kuki-Zomi tribes in Manipur.
Who are Zo people?
The Zo people are an ethnic group which inhabit areas of India, Myanmar and the Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh.
The Chin Hills or Indo-Chin hill ranges in northwestern Myanmar is the home to a large number of tribes that come under the Zo umbrella.
Zo group includes many sub-tribes and clans such as the Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Lushei, Zomi, Paitei, Hmar, Ralte, Pawi, Lai, Mara, Gangte, Thadou, etc.
These tribes are believed to have migrated from China through Tibet to settle in Myanmar, and speak a group of Tibeto-Burman languages.
Constant feuds among the tribal clans and their kings (chieftains) drove many of the clans westward to modern-day Mizoram and parts of Manipur in the 17th century.
They settled in new villages but even so remained socially and emotionally connected with the Chin tribes of Myanmar.
Apart from ethnicity— the tribes are also connected together by Christianity
Hul Diwas: Remembering the Santal rebellion against the British
July 4, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Hul Diwas: Remembering the Santal rebellion against the British” published in Indian Exprss on 3rd July 2023
Contents
What is the News?
The Prime Minister has commemorated Hul Diwas, honoring the sacrifice of Santhals in their fight against British colonial authorities.
What is Hul Diwas or Santhal Rebellion?
The Santal rebellion or ‘Hul’ began in 1855.
It was an “organized war against colonialism” led by the Santals, standing against the various forms of oppression they were subjected to by the British and their collaborators.
What was the reason for the Santhal Rebellion?
The Santal people – or Santalis – were not the original inhabitants of modern-day Santhal Pargana.
They had migrated from the Birbhum and Manbhum regions (present-day Bengal), due to the 1770 famine in Bengal.
With the enactment of the Permanent Settlement Act of 1790, the East India Company was desperate to bring an ever-increasing area in its control under settled agriculture.
Thus, they chose the area of Damin-i-Koh, at the time heavily forested, to be settled by the Santhals, in order to collect a steady stream of revenue.
However, once settled, the Santals bore the brunt of colonial oppression. Predatory moneylenders and the police were a byproduct of this system.
Who were the leaders in the revolution?
The Murmu brothers – Sidho, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairab – were among those who led the revolt.
But the women also played an important role. Phulo Murmu and Jhalo Murmu, sisters from the same family, participated in the Hul, inspiring women to join the rebellion.
The rebellion saw participation from 32 communities, both tribals, and non-tribals, challenging the notion that it was solely a Santhal rebellion.
The East India Company’s army was defeated twice during the rebellion, debunking the belief that they were invincible.
In 1855, martial law was introduced to curb the revolt, and the Hul was quashed by early 1856.
What was the impact of the Santhal rebellion?
The Santhal rebellion did not end with its suppression in 1855. It continued to inspire future uprisings, such as the Santhal involvement in the 1857 mutiny.
The Hul rebellion also symbolized resistance against British colonialism and laid the foundation for subsequent movements in Jharkhand.
When did humans first arrive in Southeast Asia? – Tam Pà Ling cave
July 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “When did humans first arrive in Southeast Asia? ” published in The Hindu on 3rd July 2023
Contents
What is the News?
Tam Pà Ling cave provided the earliest evidence of modern humans in mainland South-East Asia.
What is Tam Pà Ling cave?
Tam Pà Ling cave is located in the Annamite Mountain range in Northern Laos.
The cave features a sloping structure formed by periodic slope wash deposition.
What are the key findings made at Tam Pà Ling cave?
The excavations revealed that humans were present in the vicinity of Tam Pà Ling Cave for roughly 56,000 years.
The age of the lowest fossils found at Tam Pà Ling cave suggests modern humans arrived in this region between 86,000 and 68,000 years ago.
This has pushed back the timing of Homo sapien’s arrival in Southeast Asia.
Moreover, a tooth, estimated to be 150,000 years old, was found in the Cave, linking it to the presence of Denisovans, an extinct human relative.
What are the dating methods used at the Tam Pà Ling cave?
Luminescence dating: It is a technique that measures the last time crystalline materials, such as stones, were exposed to sunlight or heat. This technique mainly uses two minerals: quartz and feldspar.
Uranium series dating: It works by measuring uranium, and the elements into which it transforms via radioactive decay within the tooth.
Electron spin resonance dating: It relies on measuring the number of electrons in tooth enamel.
Micromorphology: It is a technique that examines sediments under a microscope to establish the integrity of the layers that buried the fossils.
Government to Develop National Maritime Heritage Complex in Lothal, Gujarat for an estimated cost of ₹4,500 Cr.
July 1, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Government to Develop National Maritime Heritage Complex in Lothal, Gujarat for an estimated cost of ₹4,500 Cr.” published in PIB on 1st July 2023
What is the News?
The Central Government will be holding a meeting to review the progress in the construction of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC).
About National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC):
National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) is being developed at Lothal,Gujarat.
Developed by: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways under the Sagarmala programme.
Features: The complex will include the world’s highest lighthouse museum and world’s largest open aquatic gallery.
– It will also have several innovative and unique features such as Lothal mini recreation to recreate Harappan architecture and lifestyle; four theme parks – Memorial theme park, Maritime and Navy theme park, and Climate theme park.
Significance: It will be a one of its kind project to not only display India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage and also help Lothal to emerge as a world-class international tourist destination.
— This project will also provide tremendous job opportunities to the local people and will transform the socio-economic condition of the entire region.
What is Lothal?
Lothal was one of the southernmost sites of the Indus Valley civilization, located in the Bhāl region of what is now the state of Gujarat. The port city is believed to have been built in 2,200 BC.
The meaning of Lothal (a combination of Loth and (s) thal) in Gujarati is “the mound of the dead”.
– Note: The name of the city of Mohenjo-Daro (also part of the Indus Valley Civilisation, now in Pakistan) means the same in Sindhi.
Archaeologist SR Rao led the team which discovered Lothal.
Features: Lothal was a symbol of India’s maritime power and prosperity. It was also a thriving trade center in ancient times, with its trade of beads, gems, and ornaments reaching West Asia and Africa.
– It also had the world’s earliest known dockyard, connecting the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River.
Lothal was nominated in 2014 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO.
Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra’ concludes in Madhya Pradesh: The story of the queen who fought the Mughal
June 28, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra’ concludes in Madhya Pradesh: The story of the queen who fought the Mughals” published in Indian Express on 27th June 2023
What is the News?
Madhya Pradesh Government has launched the six-day Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra and marked June 24 as a day of sacrifice.
Who was Rani Durgavati?
Rani Durgavati (1524 – 1564) was the ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. She was born in Mahoba’s Chandela dynasty.
She is chiefly remembered for defending her kingdom against the Mughal Empire.
Rani Durgavati was married to Dalpat Shah, the son of the Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga. This kingdom is noted as one of the most powerful kingdoms of the Gond tribe.
The Chandelas of Mahoba and Rajgonds of Garha-Mandla dynasties became allies through this marriage.
Dalpat Shah died in 1550 and due to the young age of their son, Durgavati took the reins of the Gondwana kingdom.
War with Mughal: In 1562, Akbar conquered Malwa and made it a Mughal dominion. Consequently, the state boundary of the Rani touched the Mughal Empire.
Rani’s contemporary was a Mughal General, Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan. The prosperity of Rani Durgavati’s state lured him, and he invaded Rani’s state after taking permission from the Mughal emperor Akbar.
When Rani heard about the attack, she decided to defend her kingdom with all her might. She maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.
However, soon the Mughals fortified the area and overwhelmed the Gonds. While fighting them in battle, she is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger to not surrender to the Mughal forces.
Legacy: In 1983, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the University of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.
– The government of India issued a postal stamp commemorating her death on 24 June 1988.
– The train between Jabalpur Junction and Jammutawi is known as Durgavati Express after the name of the Queen.
– Indian Coast Guard 2018 commissioned ICGS Rani Durgavati, the third Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) of its kind.
What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact, due to which Syama Prasad Mookerjee resigned from the Union cabinet?
June 24, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact, due to which Syama Prasad Mookerjee resigned from the Union cabinet?” published in Indian Express on 23rd June 2023
Contents
What is the News?
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, had resigned from the cabinet in April 1950 over the controversial Nehru-Liaquat Pact.
What is the Nehru-Liaquat Pact?
The Nehru-Liaquat Pact also known as the Delhi Pact was a bilateral agreement signed between India and Pakistan in order to provide a framework for the treatment of minorities in the two countries.
It was signed by the two country’s Prime Ministers, Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan.
The need for such a pact was felt by minorities in both countries following partition, which was accompanied by massive communal rioting.
What are the key provisions of the Nehru-Liaquat Pact?
Under the pact, both countries agreed to: a) Ensure complete and equal right of citizenship and security of life and properties to their minorities, b) Ensure full fundamental human rights which include the rights of freedom of movement, freedom of thoughts and expression and the right of religion, c) Set up a minorities commission to make sure that minorities would be represented.
They also agreed not to violate the rules of the pact and to make all efforts to reinforce it. If the minorities faced any problem, it would be the duty of both the governments to redress their problems without delay.
In short, this pact agreed to guarantee full right to their minorities and to accord them the status of citizens
What were the issues Syama Prasad Mookerjee had with the pact?
Syama Prasad Mookerjee had initially been an advocate for a united India.
However, as Partition became increasingly inevitable, he shifted his focus towards advocating for a divided Bengal, with West Bengal specifically meant for Hindu Bengalis.
When the Delhi Pact was signed, which promised minority rights and the establishment of minority commissions in both India and Pakistan, Mookerjee was extremely angry.
He felt that the Pact would essentially leave Hindus in East Bengal at the mercy of the Pakistani state.
Instead, he argued for a systematic exchange of population and property at the governmental level between East Bengal and the states of Tripura, Assam, West Bengal and Bihar.
He also favoured a plan granting the Hindu minority in East Bengal an opportunity to settle in India while pushing the Muslim minorities in India to East Bengal.
