History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024
PM Modi visits Guruvayur Temple
January 20, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits Guruvayur temple in Kerala” published in “The Hindu” on 17th January 2024.
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister recently visited the Sreekrishna Temple in Guruvayur, Kerala to offer prayers.
About Guruvayur Temple
Source- TripAdvisor Aspect Details About 1. It is a Hindu temple, often referred to as the Southern Dwarka.
2. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in the youthful form of Lord Krishna.Location It is located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala, India. Construction The earliest temple records date back to the 17th century, yet other literary texts and legends suggest that the temple may be approximately 5000 years old. Features 1. The Chief deity here is Lord Krishna, also known as Guruvayoorappan.
2. The chief deity is portrayed standing with four hands, grasping Shankh, Sudarshana Chakra, Lotus, and Mace, all carved from a stone known as Patala Anjana.
3. It follows the traditional Kerala architectural style.
4. The temple has structures like the Nalambalam (temple structure surrounding the sanctum sanctorum), Balikkal (sacrificial stone), and Deepastambam (pillar of lights).
5. A prominent feature is the Dwajasthamba, a 70-foot-tall flagstaff completely coated in gold.
6. In 1931-32, Sathyagraha was initiated by Kelappan (known as Kerala Gandhi) to advocate for the inclusion of untouchables into the temple. It resulted in the Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.
7. The temple is known for housing a significant number of captive male Asian elephants. The nearby Punnathur Kotta elephant sanctuary is home to 56 elephants.UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi
January 19, 2024↓
Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits historic temple linked to Ramayana in Lepakshi. Know its significance” published in “India Today” on 17th January 2024.
Why in the News?
PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, The Prime Minister recently visited the Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh. He is completing the 11-day special ritual for the consecration of the idol of Lord Ram at the Ayodhya Ram temple.
What is the significance of Lepakshi in the Ramayana?
1) ‘Lepakshi’ in Telugu means ‘Rise, oh bird.’ It is named in honor of Jatayu, the legendary bird that bravely fought Ravan while he was transporting Sita to Lanka on his Pushpaka Vimana after kidnapping her.
2) According to the Ramayana, Lepakshi is believed to be the place where the wounded Jatayu fell during his fight with Ravan.
3) The Lepakshi temple is also believed to have preserved footprints of Goddess Sita.
About Veerabhadra temple, Lepakshi
Source- Wikipedia Aspect Details About It is a Hindu temple situated in Lepakshi, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Built by Vijayanagara rulers in 1530 AD Features 1. The temple is dedicated to the Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Lord Shiva.
2. The primary deity of the main shrine is Lord Shiva, and there are additional shrines dedicated to Ganesha and Durga.
3. The temple exhibits Vijayanagara-style architecture, adorned with intricate carvings and paintings on nearly every visible surface.
4. The vibrant fresco paintings showcase intricate details in bright colors, depicting scenes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.
5. According to the Skanda Purana, the temple is a significant divyakshetra, a pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva.What are the latest temple visits of PM Modi?
1) Recently, PM Modi also visited Kalaram temple in Panchavati, Nashik (Maharashtra).
2) It is believed that Lord Ram, Sita and Laxman settled here first during their 14-year exile in the forest of which Panchavati was a part.
3) The temple, crafted from black basalt stone, features 14 steps representing Lord Ram’s 14 years of exile. The black idols of Lord Ram, Laxman, and Sita, situated within, depict Lord Ram without a bow and arrow, positioned to convey blessings.
UPSC Syllabus – Art & Culture
Adi Shankara
January 17, 2024↓Source: The article is based on “Who are the shankaracharyas — and who was Adi Shankara?” in “The Indian Express” on 16th January 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the four Shankaracharyas have announced their decision not to participate in the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22.
Who is Shankaracharya?
1) Shankaracharya means ‘teacher of the way of Shankara’.
2) According to tradition, they are religious teachers who belong to a line of teachers going back all the way to Adi Shankara himself.
3) It is a religious title used by the heads of the four cardinal mathas or peeths.
4) The four Hindu mathas (monasteries) in India are:
- Dwarka in Gujarat (West)
- Joshimath in Uttarakhand (North)
- Puri in Odisha (East)
- Sringeri in Karnataka (South)
5) Mathas founded by: Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
6) Presently, these mathas are intricate organizations encompassing religious shrines, temples, libraries, and residences. They are dedicated to preserving and advancing Shankara’s tradition.
Who was Adi Shankara?
1) Born: Kalady village on the bank of the River Periyar (Today Kerala’s Ernakulam district)
2) As per Shankara’s hagiographies, he was an extraordinary scholar-monk who was trained by Govindacharya.
3) Later he travelled extensively, visiting key spiritual centres, challenging established intellectual traditions, and establishing mathas and monastic organisations.
4) Travel history: Shankara is said to have travelled across India, from Kanchi in Tamil Nadu to Kamrup in Assam, and from the Himalayan temples of Kedar and Badri to Kashi on the Ganges’ banks and Puri on the Bay of Bengal to disseminate Advaita Vedanta teachings.
5) Writing: 116 works, comments on the 10 Upanishads, the Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. However, the authorship of several of Shankara’s writings is still debated.
What is Advaita Vedanta?
1) It is a school of Hindu philosophy and spiritual discipline.
2) Core of Advaita Vedanta: Emphasis on the unity between atman, or individual consciousness, and brahman, the ultimate reality
3) Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta expresses a radical nondualistic ontological stance, asserting that everything we perceive is essentially illusory (maya).
- According to this philosophy, the sole true reality is the principle of brahman (distinct from the caste Brahmin), transcending empirical diversity.
4) Shanaka’s contribution: Shankara’s writings represented the first thorough exposition of this intellectual tradition.
- He attempted to express nonduality using systematic metaphysical, linguistic, and epistemological ideas.
- His thought and practices include a teaching tradition which aims at bringing to a direct, liberating awareness of non-duality, also known as liberation or freedom (moksha).
What is the legacy of Shankara?
1) Shankara’s influence extends beyond his contributions to metaphysics and theology.
2) His extended journeys are regarded as a quasi-nationalistic endeavour, in which faith, philosophy, and geography come together to imagine a Hindu India that transcends the political bounds of the era.
3) He established four cardinal mathas which are regarded as great examples of this vision.
4) These mathas are also regarded as the guardians of Hindu faith and customs.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
India’s oldest living city found in Vadnagar, Gujrat
January 15, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “India’s oldest living city found in PM Modi’s native village Vadnagar: multi-institution study” published in “The Hindu” on 13th January 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently an archaeological excavation at Gujarat’s Vadnagar has discovered evidence of human settlement dating back to 1,400 BCE.
What are the findings of the excavation?
Source- The Hindu 1) The excavation has revealed characteristic archaeological artefacts, potteries, copper, gold, silver and iron objects and intricately designed bangles.
2) One of the oldest Buddhist monasteries also has been discovered.
3) The study suggests that climate-induced changes, such as rainfall or droughts, played a key role in the rise and fall of various kingdoms over 3,000 years and recurring invasions of India by Central Asian warriors.
4) Radiocarbon dates reveal the successive rulers of Vadnagar:
a. Indo-Greeks (until 100 CE)
b. Indo-Scythian or Shakas, known as Kshatrapa kings (until 400 CE)
c. Maitrakas (Gupta kingdom), Rashtrakuta-Pratihara-Chawada kings (until 930 CE)
d. Solanki kings (Chalukya rule until 1,300 CE)
e. Sultanate-Mughals (1680 CE)
f. Gaekwad/BritishWhat is the Significance of the study?
1) This discovery is crucial as it fills a gap in Indian archaeological history between 1,500 BCE and 500 BCE, revealing a continuity in human settlement in India spanning over 5,500 years.
2) No advanced city-like settlement was recorded before 500 BCE.
3) The team suggests the settlement might date back to 1,400 BCE, aligning with the late phase of the post-urban Harappan period. If accurate, it challenges the notion of a Dark Age, indicating a cultural continuity in India for the past 5,500 years.
Dark Age- The time frame from the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 4,000 years ago (early 2nd millennium BCE) until the rise of the Iron Age and Mahajanapada cities like Gandhar, Koshal, and Avanti (6th-5th century BCE).
About Excavation
1) Conducted by- A joint team of scientists from IIT Kharagpur, Archaeological Survey of India, Physical Research Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and Deccan College.
2) Funded by- Infosys Foundation and the Gujarat government’s Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, responsible for developing India’s inaugural experiential digital museum in Vadnagar.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
How are the tableaux are selected for Republic day?
January 11, 2024↓Source: This post is based on the article “Selection of tableaux for the Republic Day parade” published in “The Hindu” on 6th January 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the Defence Ministry proposed a new three-year rotation plan for the Republic Day parade tableau selection.
Theme of Republic Day 2024 parade: ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India) and ‘Bharat-Loktantra ki Matruka’ (India-Mother of Democracy).
How are the tableaux selected?
1) The selection process of tableaux for the Republic Day parade is carried out by the Ministry of Defence.
2) Expert committee (appointed by MoD) of prominent people from art, culture, painting, sculpture, music, architecture, choreography do the shortlisting of the tableaux.
2) They hold six to seven rounds of meetings to examine the proposals before shortlisting and making the ultimate decision.
3) Firstly, the submitted sketches or designs of the proposals are scrutinised by this committee. Committee can make suggestions for any modifications in the sketch or design.
4) In the next stage, three-dimensional models of their proposals are again examined by the expert committee for final selection.
5) The final selection is dependent upon a combination of factors such as visual appeal, impact on the masses, idea or theme of the tableaux, degree of detail, accompanying music, and use of local resources.
What are the guidelines for tableau models and performers?
1) Writing or use of logos on tableaux is not allowed except the name of states or Union Territories that are presenting it.
2) The names of the states should be written in Hindi in the front, in English on the back and in regional language on the sides of the tableau.
3) The number of performers on the trailer will not be more than 10 persons and artists performing on or along the tableau should be from the concerned state/UT only.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
10th century Kadamba Inscription found in Goa
January 5, 2024↓Source– This post is based on the article “10th century Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit found in Goa” published in “The Hindu” on 4th January 2024.
Why in news?
A 10th century A.D. Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit has been found in Goa.What are the Findings?
Kadamba Inscription 1) The Kadamba Inscription has been found in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.
2) The epigraph is engraved in Kannada and Nagari characters of the 10th century AD.
3) The record is composed as a vocal statement on the death of his son from the mouth of a grieving father. It records that when Talara Nevayya was administering the mandala, his son Gundayya having taken a vow to fulfil his father’s desire of capturing a gopura of the port of Goa, fought and died after fulfilling his father’s wish.
4) It is in the literary style of the Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I of the same period.
Who were the Kadambas of Goa?1) The Kadambas of Goa served as subordinates to the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
2) They ruled Goa from the 10th to the 14th century CE.
3) Chandor, formerly known as Chandrapur, was the capital of this Kadamba dynasty, and also an important port.
4) Emperor Tailapa II of the Chalukyan dynasty appointed Kadamba Shasthadeva as Mahamandaleshwara of Goa in recognition of his assistance in dethroning the Rashtrakutas.
5) In 960 AD, Kadamba Shasthadeva successfully captured the city of Chandavara from the Shilaharas.
6) Subsequently, he conquered the port of Gopakapattana, known as present-day Goa.
UPSC Syllabus: Ancient history/Art and culture
Who were the Kadambas of Goa?Savitribai Phule
January 3, 2024↓Source: This post has been created based on the article “Savitribai Phule Jayanti 2024: Celebrating India’s first woman teacher ”published in “Business Standard” on 3rd January 2024.
Why in news?
January 3, 2024, marks the 193rd birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule.
Who is Savitribai Phule?
Savitribai Phule 1) Savitribai Phule, a Dalit woman from the Mali community, was born on January 3, 1831, in the village of Naigaon in Maharashtra.
2) She was married to Jyotirao Phule (a social reformer) at a young age and he provided her education at home.
What are the Contributions of Savitribai Phule?
I. Education:
1) Savitribai, alongwith her husband Jyotirao Phule, pioneered India’s earliest girls’ school in Bhidewada, Pune, in 1848, shattering patriarchal barriers.
2) She became India’s first woman teacher and first Indian headmistress.
3) The couple opened more such schools for girls, Shudras, and Ati-Shudras (the backward castes and Dalits, respectively) in Pune.
4) Pune University bears the name of Savitribai Phule, serving as a tribute to this formidable woman who passionately advocated for women’s education in India.
II. Social Reform and Activism:
1) Along with Jyotirao, Savitribai started the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (‘Home for the Prevention of Infanticide’) as a care centre for children who were victims of rape, sati and those who escaped female infanticide.
2) Savitribai Phule also advocated inter-caste marriages, widow remarriage, and eradication of child marriage, sati and dowry systems, among other social issues.
3) In 1873, the Phules established the Satyashodhak Samaj, which translates to the ‘Truth-seekers’ Society.’ This platform welcomed individuals regardless of their caste, religion, or class hierarchies, with the primary goal of promoting social equity.
4) They also introduced the ‘Satyashodhak Marriage,’ which rejected Brahmanical rituals. In this ceremony, the marrying couple pledged to advocate for education and equality.
5) Savitribai became involved in relief work during the 1896 famine in Maharashtra and the 1897 Bubonic plague.
III. Literary work:
1) Savitribai Phule published her first collection of poems, called Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’) in 1854.
2) She also wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage the oppressed and backward classes to obtain an education.
Savitribai Phule’s life concluded on March 10, 1897, as she succumbed to an illness while endeavoring to protect a sick 10-year-old boy.
Maharishi Valmiki International Airport
January 2, 2024↓Source- This post is based on the article “PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham” Published in “PIB” on 30th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Recently the Prime Minister inaugurated the Maharishi Valmiki International Airport in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.
What are the Key features of the airport?
Maharishi Valmiki Airport, Ayodhya Source: Livemint 1) The airport is dedicated and named after Maharishi Valmiki, a revered sage credited as the author of the oldest version of the Ramayana.
2) The interiors of the terminal Building are decorated with local art, paintings & murals depicting the life of Bhagwan Shri Ram.
3) The terminal building of Ayodhya Airport is also equipped with various sustainability features like an insulated roofing system, LED lighting, rainwater harvesting, landscaping with fountains,
4) It also includes a water treatment plant, a sewage treatment plant, solar power plant to meet the five-star GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) ratings.
Who is Maharishi Valmiki?
1) Valmiki is referred to as Adi Kavi, which translates to the “first/original poet” in Sanskrit.
2) He is credited with composing the Ramayana, one of the earliest and most revered epic poems in the Sanskrit literary tradition.
3) Valmiki’s Ramayana is composed of 24,000 verses and is divided into 7 kandas (books), each telling a different part of Lord Ram’s story. Valmiki himself makes an appearance in the Bala and Uttara Kandas.
4) Valmiki Jayanti, also known as Pargat Diwas, is celebrated annually to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maharishi Valmiki. It is celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/ Infrastructure (Indian economy)
11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Mysuru district
December 30, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Varuna” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Three 11th-century Jain sculptures were recently discovered in Varuna village of Mysuru district, during drainage work. While
What are the Key Findings?
1) Of the three sculptures, one has suffered severe damage and is beyond recognition,. However, the other two were in relatively good condition.
2) One of the sculptures portrays a Jain Tirthankara, but it is difficult to ascertain exact identity in the absence of any symbols.
3) These sculptures have been shifted to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) museum at the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalay in Madhya Pradesh.
Who is a Jain Tirthankara?
Source- Wikipedia 1) In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher and savior of the righteous path (dharma).
2) According to Jains, Tirthankaras are supreme preachers of dharma. Having conquered the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara) themselves, they pave the way for others to follow.
3) Upon realizing the true nature of the self or soul, the Tirthankara achieves kevala jnana (omniscience).
4) The Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras who contributed towards the development of the Jain religion.
5) The first Tirthankara is Rishabhanatha and the 24th and last tirthankara is Lord Mahavira.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Divya Kala Mela 2023
December 30, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “12th DIVYA KALA MELA-2023 to be inaugurated today in Surat, Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Government is organising the 12th ‘Divya Kala Mela’ from 29th December 2023 – 7th January 2024 in Surat, Gujrat. So far 11 Divya kala melas have been organised starting from 2022 in Delhi.
What is Divya Kala Mela?
Aspect Details What is it? It is a unique event showcasing the products and craftsmanship of Divyang entrepreneurs and artisans from across the country. Nodal Ministry Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerement (MoSJ&E) Organised by Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) {DEPwD), MoSJ&E, GoI through National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC) Aims 1) Strengthen economic empowerment of PwD/Divyangjan.
2) Provide a bigger platform for marketing and showcasing the products and skills of Divyangjan (PwD)Product Category Home Décor & Lifestyle, Clothing, Stationery and eco-friendly products, packaged food and organic products, Toys & Gifts, Personal Accessories – Jewellery, Clutch Bags. Significance It provides a chance for everyone to support local products, particularly those crafted by determined individuals with disabilities. What is National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)?
1) NDFDC is a Company wholly owned by Government of India, under the DEPwD of MoSJ&E.
2) It functions as an apex institution for the benefit of Persons with Disabilities.
3) Financial assistance is extended by the Corporation at concessional interest rate for starting/ augmenting any activity contributing directly or indirectly in the income generation of Persons with Disabilities, thus helping them in their overall process of empowerment.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Indian Navy unveils new epaulettes for admirals
December 30, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “Navy unveils new Admirals’ epaulettes in ‘true reflection of Indian rich maritime heritage‘” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
The new design of epaulettes for admirals has been unveiled by the Navy, following Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s announcement during the Navy Day celebrations in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra.
What new changes have been made in the design?
Source- The Hindu 1) The newly designed epaulettes features a golden Navy button at the top, followed by an octagon, a crossed Indian sword and telescope, and stars denoting the ranks.
2) The octagon in the new design has been drawn from the naval ensign and inspired by rajmudra of Chhatrapati Shivaji.
What is the Significance of the New Design?
Adopting the new design reaffirms their commitment to the two pillars of Panch Pran (Five Resolves) given by PM Narendra Modi during the 76th Independence Day-
1) Take Pride in our Roots
2) Remove any Trace of Colonial Mindset.
Note- The Navy is also set to rename some of the ranks now in British nomenclature to reflect an Indian connection.
What is the New Naval Ensign of Indian Navy?
How has the Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?
UPSC Syllabus- Miscellaneous (Defence)/Art & Culture
Veer Bal Diwas
December 27, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Veer Bal Diwas: Recalling the ‘supreme sacrifice’ of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons” published in “The Indian Express” on 26th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Veer Bal Diwas is observed on December 26 to honor the martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji. They were only 7 and 9 years old, respectively, at the time of their deaths.
How were the Sons of Guru Gobind Singh Martyred?
1) During the Battle of Chamkaur (1704) fought between the Sikhs and Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons, Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji were captured by the Mughals.
2) Refusing to convert or to bow to Wazir Khan, the two were sentenced to death and were soon martyred by execution.
3) The Guru’s mother Mata Gujari and his two elder sons, Sahibzaada Ajit Singh (18) and Sahibzaada Jujhar Singh (14), were also killed within a week.
4) A few years later Baba Banda Singh Bahadur avenged the execution of the Sahibzade, by attacking, capturing Sirhind and executing Wazir Khan.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived
December 22, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived to show another side of life before eruption” published in “The Hindu” on 21st December 2023.
Why in the News?
A new project within the Pompeii archaeological site is showcasing ancient textile dyeing techniques. This will reveal a different aspect of daily life before the city’s destruction by a volcano in A.D. 79.
What is Pompeii Archeological site?
Source- Pompeii tours 1) Pompeii is an ancient Roman city near Naples, Italy, buried under volcanic ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.
2) The site was preserved remarkably well, providing valuable insights into daily life in the Roman Empire.
3) Excavations have revealed structures, artifacts, and even human remains, frozen in time by the volcanic eruption
4) It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular destination for tourists and researchers interested in ancient Roman history and archaeology.
What is the Project on the Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing?
Source- The Hindu 1) The project aims to highlight the ancient art of textile dyeing in Pompeii that involved preparing dyes from plants.
2) With the Pompeiian color palette, scarves will be dyed with motifs taken from the House of Vetti frescoes. The profits from the sale of these scarves will be used for further restoration of the city.
Note– Frescoes are artistic creations painted on wet plaster, commonly located on walls or ceilings. They are renowned for their vibrant colors and lasting durabilityUPSC Syllabus -Art & Culture/Places in News
Sahitya Akademi announces awards
December 21, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Sahitya Akademi announces awards; Requiem in Raga Janki best English work” published in “The Hindu” on 21st December 2023.
Why in the News?
Sahitya Akademi has announced the annual Sahitya Akademi Awards 2023 in 24 languages.
The awards are for books published between January 2017 and December 31, 2021.What are Sahitya Akademi Awards?
Specifications Details What is it? 1) It is a literary honour that is conferred annually by Sahitya Akademi.
2) Awarded to the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the 24 major Indian languages (22 languages of the 8th Schedule of the Constitution, Rajasthani and English.).
3) The awards are given to books first published during the five years immediately preceding the year of the awardPurpose To recognise and promote excellence in Indian writing and also acknowledge new trends. Instituted in 1954 Prize Consists of an engraved copper plaque, a shawl, and a prize money of Rs. 1 lakh. Criteria for awardee 1) Author must be an Indian national.
2) The award is conferred to living writers and not awarded posthumously.
3) Eligible works must be outstanding contributions to their respective language and literature.
4) If books exhibit equal merit, criteria such as overall literary contribution and the standing of authors will be considered for the award.Key Features 1) It is the second highest literary honour by the Government of India, after Jnanpith award.
2) Other Sahitya Akademi Awards:
a. Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar- Awarded based on the author’s overall contribution to children’s literature.
b. Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar- Applies to books published by authors aged 35 and below.What are Jnanpith award?
1) The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bhartiya Jnanpith to an author for their outstanding contribution towards literature.
2) The award was instituted in 1961.
3) It’s awarded exclusively to Indian writers in languages listed in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous awards.
What is Sahitya Akademi?
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture/Miscellaneous
Koya tribe
December 13, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “Koya tribe rides the eco-friendly wave to help conserve the Indian Bison of Eastern Ghats” published in “The Hindu” on 9th December 2023.
Why in the News?
In an effort to conserve the Indian Bison, the Koya tribe of Andhra Pradesh, India, is switching from traditional bison horns to palm leaves for crafting their traditional flute.
What are the Key Features of Koya tribe?
Aspect Details Who are they? 1) Koya tribe is a tribe found in the Papikonda hill range, near the Godavari and Sabari rivers in Andhra Pradesh.
2) They are also found in Telangana where they are the second largest tribal community.
3) The Koyas commonly refer to themselves as Dorala Sattam (Lords group) and Putta Dora (Original lords).Language Telegu, Koya language (Koyi) Livelihood 1) Earlier they were engaged in shifting cultivation. But have started practicing settled cultivation, cultivating crops such as Jowar, Ragi, Bajra, and other millets.
2) They also resort to hunting and foraging.Religion 1) Many Koya deities are female, the most important being the “mother earth“.
2) They also worship a number of Hindu gods Lord Bhima, Korra Rajulu, Mamili, and Potaraju.Festivals 1) Medaram Jathara – It is conducted in honour of the goddesses Sammakka and Saralamma.
Note- It is the second-largest fair of India, after the Kumbh Mela and the largest tribal festival in Asia.
2) Other major festivals include:
a. Vijji Pandum (seed-charming festival)
b. Kondala Kolupu (festival dedicated to appeasing Hill deities)
c. Bhumi Panduga (commencement of the agricultural season)Traditional Dance Permakok ata, also called the Bison Horn Dance, is practiced during festivals and marriage ceremonies. Permakore It is the traditional flute made of Bison horn. Permakore is played at a designated time and place to give a call to the entire village to go hunting in the forest About Papikonda hill range
1) It is the habitat of the Indian Bison and hence is also known as the ‘Bison hill range’.
2) Papikonda National park- Declared in 2008, the Papikonda National Park is spread across East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. It lies on the left and right banks of the river Godavari.
Source- Scroll UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/ Environment
Lakadong turmeric from Meghalaya gets Geographical Indication tag
December 8, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Lakadong turmeric from Meghalaya gets Geographical Indication tag” published in “Deccan Herald” on 5th December 2023
Why in the News?
Meghalaya’s Lakadong turmeric, Garo Dakmanda (traditional dress), Larnai pottery and Garo Chubitchi (alcoholic beverage) has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
What is Lakadong Turmeric?
Specifications Details What is it A variety of turmeric grown in the Lakadong area of Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya Key Characteristics 1) It is darker in colour.
2) It is known for its high curcumin content of aorund 6.8% to 7.5% compared to the 2-5% found in regular turmeric varieties.
3) It is grown organically without the use of fertilisers.Recognition Lakadong Turmeric Farmer Trinity Saioo was awarded the Padma Shri in 2021 for encouraging farmers in the state to take up cultivation of the turmeric. Significance 1) Boost the competitiveness of Lakadong farmers in domestic and international markets.
2) Will give access to customers to the authentic product.
3) It will provide farmers a better market price.What are the other products that received GI Tag from Meghalaya?
1) Garo Dakmanda: It is a hand-woven lower garment which is part of the traditional attire of Garo women in Meghalaya.
2) Garo Chubitchi: It is an alcoholic beverage consumed by the Garo community during feasts and ceremonies. It is a rice-based fermented drink.
3) Larnai Pottery: It is a type of pottery made of black clay. The art form has been passed down through generations.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Project
December 8, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Ministry of Culture launched Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Project” published in “PIB” on 7th December 2023.
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Culture has launched the ‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ (MGMD) project for cultural mapping and documentation of villages across India.
What is Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Project?
1) It is a pan-India initiative under National Mission on Cultural Mapping.
2) It has been initiated by the Ministry of Culture in coordination with Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
3) The main objective of project is to culturally map India’s 6.5 lakh villages, spanning 29 States and 7 Union Territories, on a comprehensive virtual platform.
4) Web portal– A web portal on MGMD has also been launched, showcasing essential information about each village, including its geographical location, demographic aspects, and description of traditional dresses, ornaments, arts and crafts, temples, fairs, festivals, etc.
– This will allow users to take virtual village tours and immerse themselves in the diverse and rich culture of India.
5) The core idea behind this project is to encourage appreciation for India’s culture and traditions, paving way for economic growth, social harmony, and artistic development in rural communities.
6) Under the MGMD, information is collected under following broad categories –
a) Arts and Crafts Village.
b) Ecologically Oriented Village, for example- Bishnoi village in Rajasthan (famous for living in harmony with Blackbucks).
c) Scholastic Village linked with Textual and Scriptural Traditions of India.
d) Epic Village linked with Ramayana, Mahabharata and/or Puranic legends and oral epics.
e) Historical Village linked with Local and National History, for example- Kandel (Madhya Pradesh) is famous for ‘Jal Satyagraha’, Suketi in Himachal Pradesh has Asia’s oldest fossil park.
f) Architectural Heritage Village.What is National Mission on Cultural Mapping?
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Garba of Gujarat makes it to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list
December 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Garba of Gujarat makes it to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list” published in “The Hindu” on 7th December 2023
Why in the News?
Garba has been included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is the 15th cultural item from India to make it to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Note: Kolkata’s Durga Puja was the last one added two years ago.
What is Garba?
Source: TOI Specifications Details What is it Garba is a ritualistic and devotional dance performed in Gujarat and across India. Performed during It is performed on the occasion of the festival of Navratri which is dedicated to the worship of the feminine energy or ‘Shakti‘. Features 1) The word Garba means womb, with the dance signifying life.
2) The dance is traditionally performed around a centrally lit clay lantern called the Gabra, which represents the goddess of power who remains constant throughout time.
3) The dancers form a ring around the central lamp and revolve in circles. It represents the cycle of time from birth to death and rebirthAttire The garba dancers wear colourful traditional costumes. Women dress up in Chaniya choli and men wear kafni pyjamas and Ghagra. Significance The dance is inclusive, attracting people of all ages and backgrounds and emphasizes community participation. What is UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage?
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Navy of Ancient India
December 6, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Navy Day: As PM Modi praises Shivaji’s naval prowess, a look at the Maratha Navy” published in “The Indian Express” on 5th December 2023.
Why in the News?
PM Narendra Modi, on the occasion of Navy Day (December 4), highlighted Shivaji’s naval power, and announced that epaulettes (ornamental shoulder pieces denoting rank) adorned by naval officers will soon carry his emblem.
How Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?
1) INS Shivaji: To commemorate the sea-faring prowess of the Marathas, under Shivaji, the Indian Navy has named its training establishment in Lonavala as INS Shivaji.
2) INS Angre: The shore-based logistics and administrative hub of the Western Naval Command, Mumbai, is named as INS Angre — after Kanhoji Angre (1669-1729), the celebrated Maratha naval commander.
3) New Naval Ensign: The use of the octagonal design of the seal of Shivaji on the new Naval Ensign.
What is the history of Shivaji’s Naval Power?
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the great Maratha ruler, is considered by many as the ‘Father of the Indian Navy’. It is him who laid the foundation of a modern navy in India.
Birth of the Maratha Navy (1661-1663): Between 1661 and 1663, the Maratha Navy came into existence, and at its peak included 400-odd ships of various kinds and sizes.
Philosophy of Naval Dominance: Historians note that his vision for the navy was based in his belief – “Jalameva yasya, balameva tasya”, which translates to “He who rules over the seas is all powerful”
Construction of multiple naval forts– Between 1653 and 1680, Shivaji ordered the construction of multiple naval forts, starting with the Vijaydurg in 1653, and followed by the likes of Sindhudurg and Kolaba. They were used to keep a watch on enemies approaching via the seas.
Limitation of this navy: While the Marathas could hold their own in littoral waters but could not challenge European naval power in the high seas.
UPSC Syllabus- History
The art of Tantric Buddhism
December 2, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “The art of Tantric Buddhism” published in “Live mint” on 2nd December 2023.
Why in the News?
The recently published book ‘Buddhism: A journey through art’, written by R. M. Woodward, looks at Asia’s Buddhist art traditions, especially Tantric Buddhist painting and sculpture.
What is Tantric Buddhism?
Tantric Buddhism, also known as Vajrayana Buddhism, is a form of Buddhism that developed in India and later spread to Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and other regions.
Key aspects of Tantric Buddhism–
1) Vajrayana Buddhism is regarded as the third turning of the wheel of Dharma
2) It views enlightenment as something that can be attained in a single lifetime.
3) It draws upon elements of Mahayana Buddhism but also includes unique practices and teachings, such as tantra, deity yoga, meditative techniques, and esoteric rituals.
4) This school claims that Tantras, Mantras, and Yantras are superior vehicles to liberation since they contain numerous sophisticated tantric ritual practices.
5) Schools of Tantric Buddhism– The four main schools are Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug (Gelug is the newest and most dominant school of the Vajrayana schools and Nyingma is the oldest)
6) Dieties
– Tantric Buddhism incorporates a rich pantheon of deities, each representing different aspects of the enlightened mind. Common deities include Tara, Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, and Vajrapani.7) This tradition is also known for its colourful and intricate mandalas, as well as its association with the Dalai Lama (considered the highest lama of the Gelug school)
What is the significance of art in Tantric buddhism?
Tantric Buddhism uses art for teaching, healing, and meditation. In tantrism, art is seen as a powerful instrument for aiding spiritual development through rituals. Paintings of deities are used as a tool to evoke the subject or in some cases make contact directly.
Source – Live mint 
Source- Live mint UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Parthenon Sculptures
November 30, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “What are the Parthenon Sculptures, at the centre of the row between Britain and Greece?” published in “The Indian Express” on 28th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Greece and the UK are engaged in a diplomatic row over the status of the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Museum.
What are Parthenon Sculptures?
Source- The British Museum The Parthenon Temple
Source- Wikipedia The Parthenon Sculptures, also known as the Elgin Marbles, are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures that once adorned the Parthenon temple (dedicated to the goddess Athena) on the rocky Acropolis hills of Athens.
History- The Parthenon was constructed in the 5th century BC, reflecting the power and dominance of the then city-state of Athens. It became a symbol for the modern nation state of Greece following independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832.
Architect- The majority of the sculptures were created under the direction of sculptor and architect Phidias
What is the Controversy and How did they come to the British Museum?
– The Parthenon Sculptures were removed by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and the then British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, in the early 19th century.
– The marbles were then taken to Britain and later purchased by the British Museum in 1816. British Museum consists of more than 30 ancient stone Parthenon sculptures.
– Lord Elgin claimed that he had obtained permission from the Ottoman authorities to remove the sculptures but Athen accuses Lord Elgin of theft. As the original letter giving him permission has been lost, its text remains disputed.What are some International Agreements on Cultural Property Trafficking?
UN resolution 2347 related to the protection of cultural heritage.
The 1970 UNESCO Convention: On the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. India is a signatory to the Convention.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture and International Relations
International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult
November 27, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult” published in “PIB” on 26th November 2023
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Education inaugurated the ‘International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult’ in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
What is Mahima Cult?
Specifications Details What is it It is a unique religious cult practiced in Odisha and other nearby states.
It is also called ‘Satya Sanatan Mahima Dharma’.Founder Mahima Swami Main Principle The concept of Brahma or Absolute Monism of the Upanishads constitutes the cardinal thought in Mahima Dharma.
It focuses on simplicity, equality and devotion to the formless Divine.Key Beliefs 1) Single God: Devotion to a single God (parambrahma or the supreme-soul who is formless and omnipresent) named Alekha.
2) Rejection of Idol Worship: It discouraged idol worship and rituals, focusing instead on direct communion with the divine through prayer and meditation.
3) Rejected Caste System.Sects of Mahima Cult 3 sects – Kumbhipatias, the Kanapatias and Ashritas. Famous Disciples of Mahima Swami 1) Govind Das
2) Bhima BoiWho was Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi?
1) Bhima Bhoi was a 19th-century saint, poet and social reformer from the state of Odisha.
2) He was a follower of Mahima Swami, the founder of Mahima Cult.
3) He is often referred to as the “Santha Kavi” meaning the “Saint Poet”.
4) He is known for his spiritual teachings and literary contributions in the form of Odia Bhajans and Chautisa (devotional song).
5) Stuti Chintamani is considered the most important poetical work of Bhima Bhoi. The poem is a set of prayers to Brahma, with the poet asking for redemption from the suffering and injustices that humanity experiences in the Kaliyuga.
6) Other important works are: Brahma Nirupana Gita, Astaka Bihari Gita, Chautisa Madhu Chakra, and Bhajanamala. Two collections, Atha Bhajan and Bangala Atha Bhajan are written in the Bengali language.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Indian miniature painting
November 20, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Explained: Art historian B N Goswamy’s work on Indian miniature painting tradition” published in “The Indian Express” on 18th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Indian art historian and critic Brijinder Nath Goswamy, best known for his scholarship on Indian miniature painting tradition, passed away.
What was Goswamy’s contribution?
1. His contribution lies in revealing that painting styles were family-dependent rather than region-dependent.
2. He reconstructed family networks of renowned artists, such as Pandit Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku.What are Miniature Paintings?
Source- Wikipedia What is it? Miniature painting is an intricate form of art involving highly detailed paintings on a small scale. Evolution 1. The history of Indian miniature paintings tradition go back to the Buddhist Pala dynasty from 8th till 11th century.
2. It flourished under Mughal empire in the early 1500s but declined during Aurangzeb reign.
3. With migration of artists, different schools of miniature painting emerged in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, etc.Techniques of miniature Paintings Executed in the traditional tempera technique-
1. The painting shouldn’t be larger than 25 square inch.
2. The subject of the painting should be painted in not more than 1/6th of the actual size.
3. In these paintings there are very few human characters with visible front face. Most of the human characters are seen with side profile.Features 1. Big eyes, pointed nose and slim waist, The skin colours of human being are Brown and fair.
2. The colour of the hair and eyes is black. Women characters have long hair. Men and women wear the traditional Indian dress, slippers and shoes. Men wear turbans on their head.
3. Mostly Natural colours have been used in these paintings. Black, red, white, brown, blue, and yellow colours are used to decorate the paintings.What are different schools of Indian Miniature Painting?
Pala School of Art 1. Mostly palm leaf and paper were used.
2. The prominent painters were Dhimman and Vitapala.Apabhramsa School of Art 1. This school traces its origin to Gujarat and Mewar region in Rajasthan.
2. This school is divided in two phases–
– Illustrations made on palm leaf
– Illustrations made on paper
3. Features-fish shaped bulging eyes, a pointed nose and a double chin, animal and bird figurines in the paintings are represented as toys.
4. Most famous example -Kalpasutra and the Kalakacharya Katha from 15th centuryMiniature Art during Delhi Sultanate 1. Developed an Indo-Persian style of painting that drew heavily from schools in Iran and Jain paintings.
2. Features– Groups of people standing in rows and identical poses, narrow bands of decoration running across the width of the painting.
3. Manuscript called the Nimat Nama depicts scenes of food preparation.
4. Another style called Lodi Khuladar was also prevalent during this period.Mughal Era Miniature Painting 1. The Mughal paintings are characterized by their subtleness and naturalism. They are considered unique because of the use of brilliant colors.
2. Early Mughal painter- Bizhad
3. Akbar established ‘tasvir khana’.
4. Famous painters of this period include: Daswanth, Basawan and Kesu.
5. Prominent illustrated manuscripts during Akbar’s reign are Tutinama, Hamzanama, Anvar-i-Suhaili and Gulistan of Sadi.Rajput Paintings 1. The Rajput paintings flourished under the patronage of the Hindu Rajput rulers of Rajputana and Punjab Himalayas during the period 1500 CE to the middle of the 19th century.
2. Themes of Ramayana, the Mahabharata, Puranas, and Gita etc. were prominent.Pahari school of Painting 1. These paintings were largely done in miniature painting forms throughout the era of the 17th to 19th centuries
2. Based on their regional diversity, Pahari paintings in India can be divided into two groups.
Basohli and Kullu Style – Chaurapanchasika style
Guler and Kangra Style – Calm colours and modification
3. Nainsukh was a famous master of the mid-18th century
4. The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of Hindu deities Radha and KrishnaRajasthani School of Painting 1. Rajasthani paintings are those works that have been executed in Rajputana, from Bikaner to the border of Gujarat and from Jodhpur to Gwalior and Ujjain.
2. The themes of the paintings were mostly religious and love subjects, based on Lord Rama and Lord Krishna.
3. Characteristic– Old outlines and brilliant colours.UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)
November 16, 2023↓Source– This post “Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)” is based on the article “Constantine Joseph Beschi, a missionary, Tamil scholar, and Chanda Sahib’s Dewan” published in “The Hindu” on 14th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Recently Emerald Publishers released the English translation of the first biography of Veeramamunivar(known as Constantine Joseph Beschi) in Tamil written by A. Muttusami Pillei.
Who is Constantine Joseph Beschi?
Source- The Hindu 1. Constantine Joseph Beschi, the Italian Jesuit missionary and Tamil scholar
2. He had also maintained a close friendship with Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of the Carnatic.
3. He had even acted as his Dewan.What are the views of Muttusami Pillei on Constantine Joseph Beschi?
1. He was a Religious devotee and an Italian Jesuit missionary.
2. Office of Dewan– By appointing him to the office, the Nawab of the Carnatic also gifted the Italian Jesuit four villages in Tiruchi district, which yielded a revenue of ₹12,000 a year.
3. He held the office of Dewan in Tiruchi till 1740.
4. He abstained from the “use of flesh and fish”.
5. He also studied Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil assiduously and became a master of these languages, especially Tamil.
UPSC Syllabus-History (Literature)
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them
November 14, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them” published in “Down To Earth ” on 14th November 2023
Why in the News?
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland have long relied on the practice of preserving diverse crop seeds across generations. This traditional knowledge associated with seed storage and preservation has been orally passed from one generation to another and is crucial in cultivation.
Who is the Ao community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Meaning Aoer (meaning “those who came” from across the Dikhu River) Festivals Moatsü Festival: Observed in early May after sowing
Tsüngremong Festival: Celebrated right after the harvestGovernance system called as Putu Mende Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation (tekong lu or alu ayimba) Significance Aos were the first nagas to embrace Christianity and incorporate Western education Who is the Sumi Community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Religion Ancestral religion was worship of nature. But now most of them are Christians Recognized as Scheduled Tribe Festivals Ahuna: It is a traditional post-harvest festival of the Sumis.
Tülüni: It is a festival of great significance for the Sümis.Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation UPSC Syllabus: History and Art and Culture in News
Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery
November 11, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
The Kondaveedu Fort in Andhra Pradesh is hosting a cultural gallery showcasing its rich historical significance from the 13th to the 20th century.
Where is Kondaveedu Fort?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Located in Guntur,Andhra Pradesh Constructed by Prolaya Vema Reddi Significance: (1) The fort was once the capital of the Reddi dynasty between 1328 and 1482 shifting from their former capital at Addanki.
(2) It was then taken over by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya in 1516.
(3) The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579 and renamed it as Murtazanagar.
(4) The fort came under the control of the French colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified.
(5) It passed on to the British East India Company who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of Guntur.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana
November 10, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
A 3,000-year-old circular geoglyph was recently discovered in Telangana’s Medchal-Malkajgiri district.
What is Geoglyph?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Definition 1. Geoglyph refers to a design that is drawn on the earth.
2. The design is created by elements of the landscape that are long-lasting such as stones, earth, gravel and other things.Types of Geoglyph Positive Geoglyph: Created by arranging elements on the ground, such as petroforms (outlines made using boulders). Negative Geoglyph: Formed by removing part of the upper surfaces of rock to create a design. Arbor glyph: A type of geoglyph involving seeding plants in a specific design. Takes years to develop as it depends on plant growth. Examples of Geoglyph 1. Nazca Lines in Peru
2. Uffington White Horse in EnglandWhat are the features of Geoglyph discovered in Telangana?
Source: The Hindu Specifications Details Belongs to Period Iron Age, specifically around 1000 BC Features 1. Etched on a low-lying granitoid hillock
2. Features a perfect circular shape.
3. A 30-centimeter-wide rim surrounds the circle.
4. Within the circle, two triangles are presentSignificance Suggested to have served as a model for megalithic communities in planning their circular burial sites. UPSC Syllabus: History/Art and Culture
Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years
November 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd November 2023
Why in the News?
Chennai’s Collage is hosting an art exhibition showcasing Pichwai paintings, some of which date back 350 years.
What are Pichwai Paintings?
Pichwai paintings are a traditional form of Indian art that originated in the town of Nathdwara near Udaipur in the state of Rajasthan.
Key Features:
Specifications Details Subject matter Predominantly depicts stories and legends of Lord Krishna Traditional Techniques Done on clothes, usually khadi. Materials used Uses natural colors made from minerals and plant extracts. Stone pigments are used for gold and silver tones. Vegetable dyes are used for brighter orange, red, chrome yellow and kesari colors. Usage Hung behind the idol of Shrinathji, a local form of Krishna and the centre of Pushtimarg worship UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture in News
PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network
November 2, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network” published in “PIB” on 2nd November 2023
Contents
Why in the News?
Kozhikode in Kerala and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh have been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.
What is UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Specification Details Started by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) Launched in 2004 Aim To promote cooperation among cities which recognized creativity as a major factor in their urban development. Categories 1.Crafts and folk arts 2.Media arts 3.Film 4.Design 5.Gastronomy 6.Literature and 7.Music. Which Indian Cities are part of UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Cities Category Kozhikode City of Literature Gwalior City of Music Srinagar Crafts and Folk Arts Mumbai Film Hyderabad Gastronomy Chennai City of Music Jaipur Crafts and Folk Arts Varanasi City of Music Why have Kozhikode and Gwalior been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network ?
Kozhikode- Kozhikode carries the distinction of being home to over 500 public libraries. The effort of the city’s people, writers, journalists and local libraries have led to its inclusion as the ‘City of Literature’.
Gwalior- Gwalior is home to the Gwalior Gharana, which has one of the best music maestros like Baiju Bawra and Tansen. The city has become a popular destination for learning Indian classical music from musicians in the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
The recognition by UNESCO will help in boosting tourism in the two Indian cities.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/International Initiatives
India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers
November 1, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers” published in “Indian Express” on 1st November 2023
Why in the News?
India’s connection with Jerusalem dates back to 800 years to the establishment of Baba Farid’s lodge.
Who was Baba Farid?
Aspect Details Birth 1173 (Talwandi, Punjab, present-day Pakistan) Occupation Sufi Saint Belongs to Chishti Sufi Order Contribution Prominent Punjabi Sufi poet; His works are part of the Sikh scripture Granth Sahib Philosophy Emphasized love, devotion, and unity with God; Simplicity in life Famous Disciple Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325). He was responsible for making Delhi an important centre of the Chishti silsilah. What was Baba Farid’s connection with Jerusalem?
Shrine: Baba Farid is said to have meditated at a place in Jerusalem for 40 days.
– Indian Muslims on their way to Mecca started coming to the walled city of Jerusalem to pray at this location.
– Over time, this spot transformed into a shrine and a significant historical and religious site for Indian travelers.
Lodge: Baba Farid during his travels to Jerusalem prayed at the Al-Aqsa mosque and stayed at a lodge.
– This lodge later came to be known as Zawiya Al-Hindiya, meaning “the Lodge of Hind.” After Baba Farid’s departure, the lodge maintained its association with India.
– The medieval traveller Evliya Chelebi described Zawiya Al-Hindiya as one of the largest Zawiyas in the city in 1671.
– This lodge is currently under the ownership of the Waqf Board of India and is accessible only to individuals of Indian citizenship or heritage.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district
October 31, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district” published in “The Hindu” on 31st October 2023
Why in the News?
Three people died during the celebration of the Banni Festival in Andhra Pradesh.
What is the Banni Festival?
Specification Details Type It is a traditional stick fight celebration. Celebrated during Night of Dussehra (Vijayadashami) Purpose To mark the victory of Lord Shiva (Mala Malleswara Swamy) and Goddess Parvati (Malamma) over demons Mani and Mallasura who used to trouble people at Devaragattu region. Origin Since the times of Vijayanagara Empire. Participation Devotees from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka participate as the Mala Malleswara Swamy Temple is located on the border of these states. Rituals Devotees visit the temple with weapons like long sticks or lathis for hitting each other with these sticks on the head to get hold of ceremonial idols of local deities.
While one group of devotees make attempts to hijack the idols, the other group try to defend themselves along with protecting the deities.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/Festivals
Vajra Mushti Kalaga: A martial art form in terminal decline
October 27, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Vajra Mushti Kalaga: A martial art form in terminal decline” published in “The Hindu” on 26th October 2023
Why in the News?
Vajra mushti kalaga is a martial art form.It has gone extinct and takes place only during Dasara.
What is Vajra Mushti Kalaga?
Source: The Hindu
Specifications Details Vajra Mushti Kalaga It is a Martial Art Form Meaning Thunderbolt Fist Objective Neutralize opponent and counter their weapon Technique used Hand-to-hand combat like grappling, wrestling, and striking Weapon used Knuckle Duster, a small metal weapon. Knuckle duster Material Made of animal horns and worn on the knuckles of the fighter Characteristics It is a form of wrestling different from conventional grappling.
In this, two persons take a swipe at each other’s head with a knuckle duster.
Whoever draws the blood from the opponent’s head first is declared the winner.Popular During Vijayanagar rulers (14th-17th centuries) Significance Noticed by medieval travelers from Portugal during Navaratri celebrations in Vijayanagar empire UPSC Syllabus Topic: Paintings and other art forms
Dogra architecture gets a revival at J&K’s Maharaj Gunj
October 26, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Dogra architecture gets a revival at J&K’s Maharaj Gunj” published in “The Hindu” on 26th October 2023
Why in the News?
Srinagar Smart City Ltd. and the Kashmir chapter of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) have joined hands to conserve vernacular elements of Dogra architecture in Kashmir.
What is Dogra Architecture?
Dogra architecture refers to the traditional architectural style and building practices associated with the Dogra community.
They primarily ruled over Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 to 1947.
Examples of Dogra Architecture: Mubarak mandi, Jharokha style of balcony, Amar Mahal Palace.
Key Features of Dogra Architecture:
1. Use of Local Materials: Dogra architecture often utilizes locally available materials such as wood, stone, and clay, which help in maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature and provide insulation from the harsh weather.
2. Sloping Roofs: Houses in this style typically have sloping roofs to allow for the shedding of snow and rain which is common in the region.
3. Carved Wooden Elements: Intricate wood carvings on doors, windows and balconies showcasing the artistic skills of the local craftsmen.
4. Courtyard Design: Houses are often designed around a central courtyard, providing a private and functional space for the family.
5. Adaptation to Climate: Dogra architecture is designed to withstand extreme weather conditions, including cold winters and hot summers.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: Architecture
₹2.9-crore project to improve amenities around Edakkal Caves
October 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “₹2.9-crore project to improve amenities around Edakkal Caves” published in “The Hindu” on 23rd October 2023
What is the News?
Kerala Tourism has launched a project to improve civic amenities around the Edakkal Caves in Wayanad.
Where is Edakkal Caves?
Located in: Wayanad,Kerala
Hills: The caves are located 3,900 feet above sea level in the Ambukuthi Hills.
Meaning: Edakkal Caves are not actually caves. They are part of a prehistoric rock shelter formed naturally when one huge boulder got wedged between two bigger ones. That’s why the name Edakkal itself means “a stone in between”.
Features: The caves feature Neolithic-era pictorial writings dating back to at least 6,000 BCE.
– The cave has engravings of human and animal figures besides symbols and letters.
– The Muniyaras or ancient burial sites have been discovered in these caves.This has yielded a rich collection of ancient earthenware and pottery.
Must visit Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in Kumaon: PM
October 18, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Must visit Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in Kumaon: PM” published in “Economic Times” on 18th October 2023
What is the News?
The Prime Minister has encouraged people to visit the Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
What are Parvati Kund and Jageshwar temples?
Jageshwar: It is a Hindu pilgrimage town in the Almora district of Uttarakhand.
– It is known for its group of 125 ancient temples built between the 7th and 14th centuries.
– These temples were primarily constructed and restored by the Katyuri dynasty kings.These temples are dedicated to various deities with many honouring Lord Shiva.
– It is believed that Lord Shiva came to meditate in the dense forests of Jageshwar, leaving behind these temples as a testimony of his presence.
– Architecture: The Jageshwar temples are a prime example of the Nagara style of architecture.
– The temples are characterized by intricately carved stone structures and tall shikharas.
– The engravings and sculptures on the temple walls depict various deities and mythological narratives, offering a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Parvati Kund: It is located in Uttarakhand.It is situated at an elevation of about 5,338 feet.
– It is believed to be the location where Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati engaged in meditation.
How is GI-tagged Jaderi namakatti made in Tamil Nadu?
October 17, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “How is GI-tagged Jaderi namakatti made in Tamil Nadu?” published in “The Hindu” on 17th October 2023
What is the News?
Jaderi namakatti from Tamil Nadu has been recently given the Geographical Indications(GI) Tag.
What is Jaderi Namakatti?
Jaderi Namakatti is a type of clay stick that is white in colour.They are usually available in finger-like shape with a smooth texture.
Who makes it?
People from a small village called Jaderi in Tiruvannamalai district,Tamil Nadu make it.
What is it made from?
The namakatti is made from the rich deposit of hydrous silicate minerals.The clay is processed and shaped into finger-like sticks.
The production of Namakatti depends on the weather.It needs a lot of sunlight to dry properly.
Significance: Jaderi Namakatti are used to adorn the foreheads of idols, men and temple elephants.
What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa
October 12, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa” published in “Indian Express” on 12th October 2023
What is the News?
Goan cashew (kernel) has been granted the geographical indication (GI) tag.
How did cashew come to Goa and become a contributor to the economy?
Cashew was native to northeast Brazil in Latin America and was introduced to Goa by the Portuguese in the 16th century (1570).
At the time of its introduction on Indian coasts, cashew was known mainly as a crop for afforestation and soil conservation.
However, the economic value of cashew nuts became known about a century after its introduction.
The first cashew factory in Goa started operations in 1926 and the first consignment of cashew kernels was exported in 1930.
By 1961, the cashew processing industry accounted for about 60% of industrial production in Goa, a bulk of which was exported.
What is the significance of Goan Cashew getting GI Tag?
Cashew manufacturers and processors in Goa have said that the GI tag for Goan cashew would help consumers differentiate between authentic Goan cashews and cashews sourced from outside the state which are often marketed as ‘Goan cashews’.
Udangudi Panangarupatti gets GI tag
October 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Udangudi Panangarupatti gets GI tag” published in “The Hindu” on 9th October 2023
What is the News?
Udangudi ‘Panangkarupatti’ from Tamil Nadu has received a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag.
What is Udangudi Panangkarupatti?
Udangudi Panangkarupatti is also referred to as palm jaggery.
It is prepared using the palm sap collected from the inflorescence of palmyra trees that grow on the red sand dunes in and around the Tiruchendur region in Tamil Nadu.
Uniqueness of Udangudi Panangkarupatti:
Firstly, the palm jaggery preparation procedure in this area is traditional till date without inclusion of any additional modern strategies.
— Triple super phosphate and phosphoric acid are used in many other areas, but no such chemical additives are used in Udangudi Panangkarupatti.
Secondly, the jaggery prepared from the palm sap from the region is unique due to the presence of red sand dune soil found in the region.
— This soil holds less groundwater. The moisture content in the atmosphere is less because of the dry climatic condition which leads to high sucrose content, in turn adding taste.
PM releases commemorative coin and stamp on 500th birth anniversary of Veerangana Rani Durgavati
October 9, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “PM releases commemorative coin and stamp on 500th birth anniversary of Veerangana Rani Durgavati” published in “PIB” on 9th October 2023
What is the News?
The Prime Minister performed bhoomi poojan of ‘Veerangana Rani Durgavati Smarak aur Udyaan‘ during the 500th birth anniversary of Rani Durgavati.
Who is Rani Durgavati?
Rani Durgavati (1524 – 1564) was the ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564.She was born in Mahoba’s Chandela dynasty.
She is chiefly remembered for defending her kingdom against the Mughal Empire.
She was married to Dalpat Shah, the son of the Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga.This kingdom is noted as one of the most powerful kingdoms of the Gond tribe.
However, Dalpat Shah died in 1550 and due to the young age of their son, Durgavati took the reins of the Gondwana kingdom.
War with Mughals: In 1562, Akbar conquered Malwa and made it a Mughal dominion.Consequently, the state boundary of the Rani touched the Mughal Empire.
– Rani’s contemporary was a Mughal General, Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan.The prosperity of Rani Durgavati’s state lured him, and he invaded Rani’s state after taking permission from the Mughal emperor Akbar.
– When Rani heard about the attack, she decided to defend her kingdom with all her might. She maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.
– However, soon the Mughals fortified the area and overwhelmed the Gonds. While fighting them in battle, she is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger to not surrender to the Mughal forces.
Recognitions and Honors: In 1983, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the University of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.
– The government of India issued a postal stamp commemorating her death on 24 June 1988.
– The train between Jabalpur Junction and Jammutawi is known as Durgavati Express after the name of the Queen.
– Indian Coast Guard in 2018 commissioned ICGS Rani Durgavati, the third Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) of its kind.
Sarakka Central Tribal University approved for Telangana: The figures of Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance
October 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Sarakka Central Tribal University approved for Telangana: The figures of Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance” published in “Indian Express” on 7th October 2023
Contents
What is the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the Sarakka Central Tribal University which will come up in Mulugu district,Telangana.
Why has Sarakka Central Tribal University been approved for Telangana?
The Tribal University was a commitment made by the Central government as a part of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
The Act led to the split of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement.
Under the Act, both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana would get support to establish a tribal university each.
Who was Sammakka and Sarakka?
Sammakka is said to have been married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas(a Deccan dynasty) who ruled the Warangal area.
She had two daughters and one son – Sarakka or Saralamma, Nagulamma and Jampanna, respectively.
In the 13th-century, in a battle against the local rulers in protest against the imposition of taxes, Saralamma died while Sammakka disappeared into the hills.
The local (Koya) tribals believed that she (Sammakka) metamorphosed into a vermillion casket.
What is Sammakka Saralamma Jatara?
Sammakka Saralamma Jatara is a tribal festival celebrated in the state of Telangana.The Jatra begins at Medaram in Mulugu district.
The festival commemorates the battle of the mother-daughter duo against the imposition of taxes on the Koya people.
Over the period, the festival has assumed so much importance that it is believed that after Kumbh Mela, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest number of devotees in the country.
The Samakka-Sarakka Jatara was also declared as a state festival in 1996.
The festival also sees regular participation by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, as much as by the state government of Telangana.
Arunachal Yak churpi gets GI tag, to boost conservation
October 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Arunachal Yak churpi gets GI tag, to boost conservation” published in “Deccan Herald” on 7th October 2023
What is the News?
Yak Churpi of Arunachal Pradesh has been given recognition with a Geographical Indication (GI).
What is Yak Churpi?
Yak Churpi is a naturally fermented milk product prepared from the milk of Arunachalee yak.
It is an excellent source of proteins and is frequently used as a substitute for vegetables by tribal yak herders in the vegetation-starved cold and hilly mountainous regions of the state.
It is also considered an integral part of the tangible cultural and tribal heritage of this Himalayan state.
What is Arunachalee yak?
Arunachalee yak is a unique yak breed found in West Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh.
This breed is reared by tribal yak pastoralists known as Brokpas who migrate along with their yaks to higher reaches up to 10,000 ft altitude and higher during summers and descent to mid-altitude mountainous regions during winters.
What is Himalayan Yak?
GI tags for Basohli Pashmina, Udhampur’s Kalari
October 6, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “GI tags for Basohli Pashmina, Udhampur’s Kalari” published in “Hindustan Times” on 6th October 2023
What is the News?
Basohli Pashmina and Kalari cuisine from Jammu and Kashmir has got the Geographical Indication(GI) tag.
What is Basohli Pashmina?
Source: KashmirObserver
Basohli Pashmina is a more than 100-year-old traditional craft from Jammu and Kashmir’s Kathua district.
It is a hand-spun product known for extreme softness, fineness and light-weight.
Granting it a GI tag would not only protect the exceptional craftsmanship of these artisans but also preserve its uniqueness.
Note: Pashmina Shawl is a fine wool made from the undercoat of the Changthangi or Pashmina goat.
What is Kalari?
Kalari is a Dogra cuisine.The dish finds its origin in Udhampur district,J&K.
The dish is made from milk and is a dense cheese.It’s cooked in its own fat, salted, and served hot with bun slices.
First public sector caravan park in Kerala to bring in more tourists to Bekal Fort
October 6, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “First public sector caravan park in Kerala to bring in more tourists to Bekal Fort” published in “The Hindu” on 6th October 2023
What is the News?
The Kerala Tourism Development Corporation(KTDC) will develop the caravan park and camp shelter at Bekal Fort.
What is Bekal Fort?
Bekal Fort is located in Kasargod district, Kerala.It is the largest fort in Kerala.
It was built in the 17th century by Shivappa Nayaka of the Keladi dynasty.
The fort has seen rise and fall of several dynasties and later came under the control of the Kingdom of Mysore.
Structure: The fort appears to emerge from the sea.Almost three-quarters of its exterior is in contact with water.
– An important feature of the fort is the water-tank and the flight of steps leading to an observation tower built by Tipu Sultan.
– The fort’s zigzag entrance and surrounding trenches reveal its defensive strategy.Holes on the outer walls are designed to defend the fort effectively from naval attacks.The upper holes are meant for aiming at the farthest targets; lower holes below for striking as enemy nearer and the lowest holes to attacking enemy closest to the fort.
– The fort’s solid construction resembles the Thalassery Fort and the St. Angelo Fort at Kannur built by the Dutch.
Toto Language: A dictionary to save a language from extinction
October 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Toto Language: A dictionary to save a language from extinction” published in “The Hindu” on 2nd October 2023
What is the News?
A dictionary titled “Toto Shabda Sangraha” is set to be released with the aim of preserving the Toto language.
What is Toto Language?
Toto is a Sino-Tibetan language.It is primarily spoken orally and is currently written in the Bengali script.
It is spoken by barely 1,600 people living in parts of West Bengal bordering Bhutan.
It is listed as a critically endangered language by UNESCO.
What is Toto Shabda Sangraha?
Toto Shabda Sangraha is a dictionary developed with the aim of preserving the Toto language.
The dictionary has been compiled by Bhakta Toto, a bank employee-cum-poet, and published jointly by the trust and Bhasha Samsad
Jharkhand CM writes to PM, seeks recognition of Sarna religious code for tribals
September 30, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Jharkhand CM writes to PM, seeks recognition of Sarna religious code for tribals” published in “Indian Express” on 28th September 2023.
Contents
What is the News?
Jharkhand Chief Minister has written to the Prime Minister seeking recognition of the ‘Sarna’ religious code for tribals.
What is Sarna religion?
Followers of Sarna faith regard themselves as belonging to a distinct religious group.
They are nature worshippers.The holy grail of the Sarna faith is “Jal (water), Jungle (forest), Zameen (land)”.
The followers of Sarna faith pray to the trees and hills while believing in protecting the forest areas.
Believers of Sarna faith do not practice idol worship, nor do they adhere to the concept of the Varna system, heaven-hell, etc.
The followers are largely concentrated in the tribal belt states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam.
What are Sarna faith people demanding?
Sarna followers are demanding to include ‘Sarna’ as a separate religion for indigenous people in the next census.
A separate ‘Sarna’ code in the census is the key to a distinct identity for tribals as without it, they are classified as Hindus or Muslims or Christians.
How will Sarna’s recognition as a separate religion help?
Recognition as a separate religious community will enable better protection of their language and history.
Hoysala temples on UNESCO heritage list: What sets the ‘Sacred Ensembles’ apart, what stories they tell
September 25, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Hoysala temples on UNESCO heritage list: What sets the ‘Sacred Ensembles’ apart, what stories they tell” published in Indian Express on 25th September 2023
Contents
What is the News?
Three Hoysala-era temples in Karnataka made it to UNESCO’s World Heritage List, under the collective entry of ‘Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas’.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
What makes Hoysala Temples architecture stand out?
Use of Soapstone: Hoysala temples are known for their intricate sculptures, and this is made possible by the use of soapstone, which is easy to carve.These sculptures depict various subjects, including animals, daily life scenes and stories from epics and Puranas, providing insights into the society of that era.
Unique Confluence of Styles: Hoysala architecture combines three distinct architectural styles – mainstream Dravidian architecture (seen in Pallava and Chola temples), Vesara style (a variant of Dravida style from Chalukya and Rashtrakuta temples), and North Indian Nagara style. This blend of styles was influenced by the Hoysalas military expeditions to different regions, bringing in diverse artistic influences.
Star-Shaped Platforms: Hoysala temples are typically constructed on star-shaped platforms, and they comprise multiple structures within the complex.The walls and pillars are adorned with intricate sculptures, often with rich narratives and descriptions.
Artistic Signatures: A distinctive feature of Hoysala temples is that sculptors and masons left their names and sometimes additional details on the temple structures, providing historical insights into the craftsmen behind these remarkable creations.
Transition to Hinduism: These temples were constructed during a period when Jainism was prevalent in the region, signifying a shift towards Hinduism in the Hoysala dynasty.
What makes the three Hoysala temples on UNESCO list special?
The three Hoysala temples on the UNESCO list are particularly special due to their exceptional preservation and artistic significance:
Chennakesava Temple at Belur: This temple is renowned for its 46 unique pillars (except for four in the central bay) and its intricate sculptures.One of the sculptures, “Darpana Sundari” (lady with the mirror), is believed to be modeled after Queen Shantala Devi.
Kesava Temple in Somanathapura: This temple has a distinctive 16-point star-shaped design and houses three shrines dedicated to Keshava, Janardhana, and Venugopala.Unfortunately, the Keshava statue is now missing.
Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu: Despite its current ruined state, this temple is considered one of the highest achievements of Hoysala architecture.The infinite wealth of sculpture over the exterior of this temple makes it one of the most remarkable monuments of the world and a repository of religious thought expressed in plastic form.
– Halebidu was raided by Malik Kafur, a general of the then Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji.
NOTE-Some of the other recently added UNESCO sites are as follows-
1) Rani Ki Vav-(The Queen’s Stepwell)- Gujrat-2014
2) Great Himalayan National Park -Himachal Pradesh-2014
3) Nalanda- Bihar-2016
4) Khangchendzonga National Park- Sikkim-2016
5) Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex) -Chandigarh-2016
6) The Historic City -Ahmedabad-2017
7) Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles -Mumbai-2018
8) The Pink City- Jaipur-2019
9) Kakatiya Rudreshwara(Ramappa)Temple- Telangana-2021
10) Dholavira – Gujarat-2021
11) Santiniketan -West Bengal-2023
Madhya Pradesh CM unveils Adi Shankaracharya statue at Omkareshwar: Its story, significance
September 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Madhya Pradesh CM unveils Adi Shankaracharya statue at Omkareshwar: Its story, significance” published in Indian Express on 23rd September 2023
What is the News?
Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister has unveiled the 108-foot-tall ‘Statue of Oneness’ of Adi Shankaracharya at Omkareshwar, Madhya Pradesh.
The statue depicts Shankaracharya as a 12-year-old child when he is said to have visited Omkareshwar.
Note: The Government of Madhya Pradesh has invested a lot to develop the Omkareshwar town located on the Mandhata island which will form an important tourism circuit, along with Ujjain, Maheshwar and Mandu religious towns.
Who was Adi Shankaracharya?
Adi Shankara is believed to have lived between 788 and 820 AD.He was born in Kerela’s Kaladi, situated on the bank of the Periyar River.
He became a sanyasin at an early age and went to Omkareshwar.He then studied under his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada.
Philosophy and works of Adi Shankaracharya:
Non-Dualism (Advaita Vedanta): Shankaracharya’s central philosophy revolved around the concept of “Brahman,” the ultimate reality or cosmic consciousness, being the only true and unchanging reality.He argued that the individual self (Atman) is ultimately identical with Brahman and that the perceived duality of the world is an illusion (maya). This non-dualistic perspective is a cornerstone of Advaita Vedanta.
Writings: Shankaracharya is known for his extensive writings and commentaries on various Hindu scriptures, particularly the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita.
– His commentaries helped to clarify and systematize the teachings of Advaita Vedanta. Some of his most famous works include the “Brahma Sutra Bhashya,” the “Vivekachudamani,” and the “Atma Bodha”.
Travel: He is said to have visited all the important spiritual centres of the time — from Kanchi (Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu) to Kamrup (Assam), and Kashmir and the Kedar and Badri dhams, as well as Sringeri, Ujjain, Kashi, Puri, and Joshimath.
Why is Mandhata island considered an important religious destination?
The Mandhata island on the Narmada River is an important religious destination because it houses two of the 12 Jyotirlingas, which are considered sacred manifestations of Lord Shiva.
One of these Jyotirlingas is called Omkareshwara and the other is Amareshwara.The island is also close to the Mahakaleshwara Jyotirlinga in Ujjain.
The island is adorned with Shaivite, Vaishnavite, and Jain temples dating back to the 14th and 18th centuries.
The name ‘Omkareshwar’ is derived from the shape of the island, which resembles the sacred syllable ‘Om’, and its name means ‘the Lord of Omkara’.
India’s First Lighthouse Festival begins in Goa from Tomorrow
September 23, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “India’s First Lighthouse Festival begins in Goa from Tomorrow” published in PIB on 23rd September 2023
Contents
What is the News?
The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways is going to inaugurate India’s First Lighthouse Festival from the Fort Aguada Lighthouse in Panjim, Goa.
What is a Lighthouse?
A Lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid, for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
What is India’s first ever Lighthouse Festival?
To be held at: Fort Aguada in Goa
Purpose: It would be a three day event in carnival style with local artists, dance troupes, food and culinary stalls, music concerts and similar activities to attract common people to Lighthouses.
What is the Lighthouse Heritage Tourism campaign?
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways is planning to develop lighthouses into tourist hubs across the country under the ‘Lighthouse Heritage Tourism’ campaign.
The campaign will be undertaken under the Public–Private Partnership(PPP) model.
As part of the campaign, old lighthouses will be given a new life and 75 lighthouses across the country will be developed into tourist hubs and developed on the lines of those in Europe and America.
Three Hoysala temples declared World Heritage Sites
September 20, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Three Hoysala temples declared World Heritage Sites” published in The Hindu on 19th September 2023
What is the News?
The Sacred Ensembles of Hoysalas were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas comprises three temples in Karnataka namely the Channakeshava temple in Belur, the Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu and the Keshava temple in Somanathapura.
These temples were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries by the Hoysala kings and are dedicated to deities Shiva and Vishnu.
These temples are known for their ornate and incredibly detailed stone carvings that are put together in a stellate plan on a star-shaped raised platform.
The material used in temple construction is chlorite schist which is also known as soapstone that is soft and amiable to carving.
The temples have horizontal friezes and many of the sculptures are signed by artists which is unique in the history of Indian art while the doorways show intricate carvings showcasing the excellence achieved by the artist.
Karnataka’s sacred ensembles of Hoysalas inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list
September 19, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Karnataka’s sacred ensembles of Hoysalas inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list” published in Indian Express on 19th September 2023
What is the News?
The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas has been inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.This will be India’s 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site.
What are Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas?
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas comprises three temples in Karnataka namely the Channakeshava temple in Belur, the Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu and the Keshava temple in Somanathapura.
These temples were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries by the Hoysala kings and are dedicated to deities Shiva and Vishnu.
Channakeshava temple – Belur:
Chennakeshava Temple is also referred to as Vijayanarayana Temple of Belur.It is a 12th-century Hindu temple in Karnataka.
It is located on the banks of Yagachi River (also called Badari River in historic texts), a tributary of Hemavati River.
The temple was commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana in 1117 CE, on the banks of the Yagachi River in Belur also called Velapura, an early Hoysala Empire capital.
The temple is devoted to Vishnu.
The richly sculptured exterior of the temple narrates scenes from the life of Vishnu and his reincarnations and the epics, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.However, some of the representations of Shiva are also included.
Hoysaleshvara temple in Halebidu:
Hoysaleswara temple also referred simply as the Halebidu temple is a 12th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.It is located on the banks of Dwarasamudra tank.
The temple was built in 1121CE during the reign of the Hoysala King, Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleshwara.
The temple is most well-known for the more than 240 wall sculptures that run all along the outer wall.
Keshava Temple- Somanathapura:
Keshava Temple is a Vaishnava temple on the banks of River Kaveri at Somanathapura, Karnataka.
The temple was consecrated in 1258 CE by Somanatha Dandanayaka, a general of the Hoysala King Narasimha III.
The temple is enclosed in a courtyard with a pillared corridor of small shrines (damaged).The main temple in the center is on a high star-shaped platform with three symmetrical sanctums (garbha-griha).
The western sanctum was for a statue of Kesava (missing), the northern sanctum of Janardhana and the southern sanctum of Venugopala, all forms of Vishnu.
