Explanation – Kavach is an automatic train protection (ATP) system indigenously developed by Indian Railways through Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO). Kavach broadly comprises a stationary control unit or station unit, a radio unit, and an array of passive radio frequency identifier (RFID) tags positioned at station and block sections. The onboard equipment comprises a brake interface, a computer connected to a speed sensor, RFID reader, radio unit, and display unit. If the locomotive is running beyond the safe speed limit, an alert is sounded to the loco pilot for five seconds before initiating the brakes and bringing the train to a complete stop. The Kavach system does not use a satellite-based communication system. It primarily relies on ultra-high radio frequencies and is being developed to be compatible with 4G LTE technology.

Source: The Hindu