Explanation –

Statement 1 is incorrect. Photovoltaics is the process of converting light energy (such as sunlight) into electrical energy. They are primarily made of semiconductor materials like silicon, which is often doped with other elements such as boron or phosphorus to create an electric field. The top and bottom layers of the cell are usually made of transparent conductive materials, like indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide, which allow sunlight to pass through and help collect the generated electric current.

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Conventional solar cells, made from crystalline silicon, can convert about one-third of incident solar energy into electricity. The Shockley-Queisser limit, named after physicists William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser, defines the maximum achievable efficiency of a solar cell.

Source: The Hindu