Explanation: The KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system by the Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) in collaboration with the Indian industry.

• The trials were facilitated by the South-Central Railway to achieve safety in train operations across Indian Railways.
• It is a state-of-the-art electronic system with Safety Integrity Level 4 (SIL-4) standards.
• It is meant to provide protection by preventing trains from passing the signal at Red (which marks danger) and avoid collision.
• It activates the train’s braking system automatically if the driver fails to control the train as per speed restrictions.
• In addition, it prevents collisions between two locomotives equipped with functional Kavach systems.
• The system also relays SoS messages during emergency situations. An added feature is the centralized live monitoring of train movements through the Network Monitor System.
• ‘Kavach’ is one of the cheapest, SIL-4 certified technologies where the probability of error is 1 in 10,000 years.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-understanding-the-kavach-system/article66930707.ece