Explanation: The Later Vedic period, people had started agriculture, which made them settle down at a particular place.

• The new iron agricultural tools and implements (such as the ploughshare) enabled the people to clear thick forest cover and cultivate the hard soil of this area.
• Also, iron weapons made the warrior class more important, and slowly, people gained a strong allegiance to the territory they belonged to rather than the Jana or tribe.
• These permanent settlements led to the foundation of the Janapadas or territorial states, under the control of the king.
• The use of better iron tools and weapons enabled some territorial states to become very large, and they came to be called Mahajanapadas (large territorial states) in North India (cities and states became visible in South India a few centuries later).

Source: Poonam Dahiya