Q. Which one of the following cultural characteristics primarily contributed to the political and military rise of Magadha, distinguishing it from the more orthodox western kingdoms like Kuru-Panchala?

[A] Strict adherence to the Varna system, which promoted social harmony and order.

[B] The dominance of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which ensured ideological unity among the ruling class.

[C] A liberal and unorthodox character of society, arising from a mix of Aryan and non-Aryan populations, which welcomed and harnessed talent regardless of social origin.

[D] The complete rejection of new religious movements like Jainism and Buddhism, maintaining political stability.

Answer: C
Notes:

Explanation:

  • Magadha was located in the eastern region, which was less influenced by the strict Brahmanical traditions of the Kuru-Panchala area. The society was a mix of Aryan and non-Aryan peoples, resulting in an unorthodox and liberal This environment allowed for the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism and, crucially, permitted the rise of ambitious rulers who were often of ‘low’ origin (like the Nandas), leading to a stable society and a large, unified population base for a strong army.
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