Q. With reference to the history of Jainism, consider the following pairs:
Jain Council/SectAssociated Feature/Leader
1. First Jain CouncilPresided by Devardhi Kshmasramna
2. Second Jain CouncilFinal compilation of 12 Angas and Upangas
3. Yapaniya SectSub-sect that bridged the beliefs of Digambara and Shwetambara
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Answer: B
Notes:
Explanation:
- Pair 1: Incorrect. The First Jain Council (Pataliputra, $\approx 300$ B.C.) was presided over by Sthulabhadra. Devardhi Kshmasramna presided over the Second Jain Council at Vallabhi.
- Pair 2: Correct. The Second Jain Council (Vallabhi, 512 A.D.), presided by Devardhi Kshmasramna, is where the 12 Angas (main scriptures) and Upangas (subsidiary texts) were finally edited and written down, forming the canon of the Shwetambaras.
- Pair 3: Correct. The Yapaniya was an influential historical sub-sect that integrated elements from both major traditions (e.g., its monks sometimes went naked like Digambaras, but it accepted Shwetambara texts and the possibility of women’s salvation).
