Exp) Option d is the correct answer.

Option a is correct. The Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Court stated that the opinion tendered by it in the Berubari Union, 1960, case (that the Preamble is not part of the Constitution) was wrong. It also held that the Preamble can be amended as any other part of the Constitution.

Option b is correct. In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court overruled its judgement in the Golak Nath case, 1967, (that the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of the Fundamental rights). It upheld the validity of the 24th Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights.

Option c is correct. The Supreme Court also laid down a new doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ (or ‘basic features’) of the Constitution. It ruled that the constituent power of Parliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.

Option d is incorrect. It was in the Waman Rao case (1981), that the Supreme Court clarified that the doctrine of Basic Structure would apply to constitutional amendments enacted after April 24, 1973 (i.e., the date of the judgement in the Kesavananda Bharati case).