Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Potential and Challenges

Source- This post on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) has been created based on the article “Problem power“ published in “The Hindu“ on 1 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus–GS Paper-3– Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

Context– The Indian government is planning to collaborate with the private sector to study and test Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This effort is important as nuclear energy helps bridge the gap between fossil fuels and renewable energy technologies.

Nuclear power offers several benefits: it provides high, reliable energy output, adds to a diverse energy mix, and can help cover gaps in renewable energy sources. However, nuclear power also has challenges: high costs for building safe reactors, difficulties in managing spent fuel, and frequent delays and budget overruns in projects.

What is SMR Technology?

1) Description-SMRs are compact versions of conventional nuclear reactors, with power outputs ranging from 10 MWe to 300 MWe.

2) Key features of SMRs: –

A) Higher energy content of nuclear fuel

B) Modular design for easier assembly and scalability

C) Smaller operational surface area

D) Potentially lower capital costs

A detailed article on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) can be read here.

What are the challenges in its adoption of Small Modular Reactors?

1) Nuclear Power Privatisation -Privatising nuclear power will increase the need for strict safeguards to prevent the misuse of radioactive materials.

2) Proliferation concerns -First-generation Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) will use low-enriched uranium and be assembled on-site. They are designed to manage waste with current technologies and produce cost-effective power. However, frequent refueling and plutonium production could raise proliferation concerns.

3) Cost Implications for Future SMRs -The IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) suggests ‘safeguardable’ reactor designs, but these might raise capital costs. Future SMRs could need more enriched uranium or advanced systems, increasing operational costs.

4) High Power Rates– The fixed costs and safety requirements of nuclear reactors mean SMR power rates may not be lower.

Way ahead- The Department of Atomic Energy raised reactor capacity from 220 MW to 700 MW. SMRs’ success in boosting nuclear power in India will depend on their cost-effectiveness, stable market conditions, reliable grids, the ability to mass-produce parts, and the cost of ensuring proliferation resistance.

Question for practice

What is SMR Technology, and what obstacles are faced in adopting Small Modular Reactors?