The Race for Fighters

Source: This post on The Race for Fighters has been created based on The race for fighters: the IAF’s dilemma published in The Hindu on 2^ND January 2025.  

UPSC Syllabus topic: GS 3- Security

Context: The article delves into the critical challenges faced by the Indian Air Force (IAF) in modernizing its fighter fleet amidst an escalating technological race in the aviation domain, particularly with China’s advancements. It highlights the stark contrast between China’s rapid strides in defense and aerospace technology and India’s delayed modernization efforts, shedding light on the implications for regional security and India’s strategic readiness. The Race for Fighters

What has China achieved in fighter aircraft technology?

1. China has fielded two fifth-generation fighter jets, the J-20 and J-35, making it the only country apart from the U.S. with more than one fifth-generation fighter.
2. Recently unveiled two additional stealth jets with tail-less configurations:
   • A large, delta-wing design with three engines (likely for long-range missions).
   • A smaller, twin-engine jet with swept wings.
3. Videos of these aircraft, developed by Chengdu Aircraft Corporation and Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, surfaced on social media, but no official confirmation has been provided.
4. S. reports state that China is rapidly approaching U.S.-level technology, with a large fourth-generation fleet transitioning to fifth-generation capabilities.

How does the IAF compare to China?

1. The Indian Air Force (IAF) currently has 31 fighter squadrons, far below its sanctioned strength of 42.
2. India has no fifth-generation fighter in development that will be operational within the next decade.
3. While the IAF is focusing on indigenously developed platforms like the LCA-Mk1A, LCA-Mk2, and AMCA, their delivery timelines are delayed or uncertain.
4. Two MiG-21 squadrons are still operational due to delays in LCA-Mk1A deliveries.

What is India’s modernisation plan for the IAF?

India plans to acquire 500+ fighter jets, predominantly indigenously designed and manufactured, with the following priorities:

• LCA-Mk1A: 83 on order (delivery delayed due to supply chain issues with GE-404 engines).
• LCA-Mk2: Development expected to conclude by December 2027.
• AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft): Fifth-generation fighter with a development timeline stretching into the next decade.
• MRFA (Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft): 114 jets under consideration for procurement, intended to include significant technology transfer.

What are the key challenges in IAF’s procurement plans?

1. Delays in engine deliveries:
   • GE-404 engines for the LCA-Mk1A delayed by COVID-related supply chain issues.
   • License manufacturing of GE F-414 engines is still under negotiation.
2. Aging fleet:
   • MiG-29s and Jaguars will start retiring by 2027-28, with Mirage-2000s and early Su-30MKIs phasing out by the early 2040s.
3. MRFA project delays:
   • RFI issued in 2019; no significant progress has been made.
   • Jets may not be available in significant numbers until the mid-2030s.
4. Dependence on foreign engines:
   • Despite plans for license manufacturing, India remains reliant on the U.S. and France for critical aero-engine parts.

What is India’s strategy for self-reliance in aviation?

1. India aims to increase indigenous production through HAL and DRDO initiatives.
2. Indigenous production rates:
   • 24 LCA jets annually, scaling to 30 per year once engine supplies stabilize.
3. Collaboration with France to co-develop a 110KN engine for the AMCA Mk2.
4. Despite efforts, a fully indigenous aero-engine remains a distant goal.

How does the IAF plan to meet its short-term needs?

1. A major upgrade program for Su-30MKI jets is in the approval stages.
2. Procurement of 12 additional Su-30MKIs to replace losses due to accidents.
3. Prolonging the operational life of aging aircraft to address immediate gaps.

What are the potential consequences of delayed timelines?

1. Even with planned acquisitions, the IAF is projected to have only 35-36 squadrons by the mid-2030s.
2. Delays in delivery and development of platforms like the LCA-Mk1A, LCA-Mk2, and MRFA could leave significant capability gaps.
3. Urgent alternatives may need to be explored if timelines slip further.