POWER 50 · Day 48 — India & the Nuclear Question: Evolution, Doctrine, NFU & the Global Order

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POWER 50 is fifty capsules across fifty days — the whole PSIR syllabus revised once, in the order the syllabus is actually built, one topic a day. The method is simple and it is the point: read the day’s capsule, write the same day, and don’t break the chain. Running alongside it are PSIR Dynamics 2026 and the PYQ Vault — 560 previous-year questions over the fifty days, roughly eleven a day — so that revision and answer-writing move together rather than in separate seasons.

Day 48 — India & the Nuclear Question

Today’s capsule compresses the entire nuclear file into one sitting. Part A traces how India became a nuclear-weapon state — Vipin Narang’s “puzzling trajectory” through three phases, Creep (1948–1989), Confusion (1989–2003) and Consolidation (2003 onwards) — read through Kenneth Waltz’s levels of analysis. Part B sets out the rationale for going nuclear, the 1999 draft against the 2003 official doctrine, and the Moderates-versus-Expansionists argument over No First Use, brought right up to date with Operation Sindoor (2025) and the debate on Credible Minimum Deterrence. Part C weighs India against China’s far larger arsenal (Tellis), maps the disarmament tradition from Nehru’s 1940 Wardha note to Rajiv Gandhi’s 1988 Action Plan, and explains why India stayed outside the NPT, CTBT and TPNW while joining three of the four export-control regimes. Part D reads the whole file through realism, constructivism, liberal institutionalism and deterrence theory, and closes with power quotes and a scholar index. Between 2015 and 2024, this unit carried three 10-markers, six 15-markers and one 20-marker — ten questions in ten years.

Write before the evening:

  1. “India’s Nuclear policy is deeply influenced by its cultural beliefs and the pragmatic approach of its foreign policy.” Discuss. (UPSC 2023, 20m)
  2. Critically examine India’s persistent refusal to sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) despite being recognized as a de facto nuclear power. (UPSC 2024, 15m)
  3. Discuss the efficacy of India’s ‘no first use’ policy (nuclear weapons) in the context of the evolving strategic challenges from its neighbours. (UPSC 2020, 15m)

If you go blank on a scholar, a phase or a treaty year, it is covered in full in the Foundation and OGP class notes and handouts — revise it, then write.

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