Sustainability challenges in India’s agricultural exports

Source: The post sustainability challenges in India’s agricultural exports has been created, based on the article “India’s tea, sugar exports raise sustainability concerns at home” published in “The Hindu” on 14th November 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS paper3-Agriculture – Marketing of agricultural produce.

Context: The article discusses the sustainability challenges in India’s agricultural exports, focusing on tea, sugar, and millets. It highlights ecological, social, and economic issues, emphasizing the need for better practices to balance exports, resource use, and worker welfare.

For detailed information on Challenges facing agriculture exports from India read this article here

What is the importance of agricultural exports in India?

1. India’s agricultural exports were valued at $53.1 billion in 2022-2023, up from $8.7 billion in 2004-2005.
2. Exports strengthen the economy by increasing revenue, foreign exchange, and transaction options.
3. The rapid growth of exports raises sustainability concerns in production, processing, and distribution.

When is an agricultural commodity sustainable?

1. Sustainability depends on three pillars: ecological, economic, and social factors.
2. Good governance and policies are necessary for sustainable systems.
3. Sustainability extends across all stages: pre-sowing, on-farm production, and post-harvest.
4. Tea and sugar illustrate these challenges well.

What are the sustainability challenges in tea production?

1. Human-wildlife conflicts: 70% of tea plantations are near forests, leading to frequent interactions with elephants.
2. Chemical pesticide use:

• 85% of pesticides used are synthetic, increasing chemical residues like DDT and Endosulfan in tea.
• These chemicals pose risks of cancer, diabetes, and neurotoxicity.

3. Labour issues:

• Over 50% of workers are women, often underpaid and working in hazardous conditions.
• Regulations under the Plantations Labour Act (1951) are poorly enforced.

What are the sustainability challenges in sugar production?

1. Water consumption:

• Producing 1 kg of sugar requires 1,500–2,000 kg of water.
• Sugarcane occupies 25% of India’s cropped area but uses 60% of irrigation water.
• Increased cultivation in Maharashtra and Karnataka has stressed groundwater and ecosystems.
• Drip irrigation could reduce water use by 40-50%.

1. Labour concerns:

• Workers face poor conditions, long hours, and rising temperatures, harming their physical and mental health.
• Many workers are trapped in debt cycles.

How can millets contribute to sustainable agriculture?

1. Millets are seen as a sustainable alternative because they require fewer resources and are resilient to harsh conditions.
2. They also help in maintaining soil health and ensuring nutritional security.
3. Millet exports have been growing, with $75.45 million worth exported in 2022-2023, showing their potential in sustainable agriculture.

What is needed to improve sustainability in agriculture?

1. There is a need for better management practices, stricter regulations, and a focus on reducing the environmental impact of agriculture.
2. This includes enhancing water management, reducing pesticide use, and improving labor conditions to create a more sustainable and inclusive agricultural system in India.

Question for practice:

Examine the sustainability challenges faced by India’s agricultural exports, with specific reference to tea, sugar, and millets.