India’s road through Myanmar is one of engagement

Source: The post “India’s road through Myanmar is one of engagement’” has been created based on “India’s road through Myanmar is one of engagement’”, published in “The Hindu” on 10th June 2026.

UPSC Syllabus: GS- 2 – International Relations

Context: Myanmar occupies a crucial position in India’s Neighbourhood First Policy and Act East Policy because it serves as India’s land bridge to Southeast Asia. The visit of Myanmar President Min Aung Hlaing to India in 2026 reflects India’s continued policy of engagement despite Myanmar’s internal political challenges. India views constructive engagement with Myanmar as essential for its security, connectivity, and regional strategic interests.

Why India Engages with Myanmar

1. Gateway to Southeast Asia

1. Myanmar serves as India’s primary gateway to Southeast Asia and is critical for the successful implementation of the Act East Policy.
2. Strong relations with Myanmar can help India deepen its economic and strategic engagement with ASEAN countries.

2. Shared Border and Security Interests

• India shares a 1,643-km border with Myanmar through four northeastern states.
• Instability in Myanmar directly affects India’s border management, internal security, and regional stability.

3. Countering China’s Influence

1. China has significantly expanded its influence in Myanmar through infrastructure financing, arms supplies, and diplomatic support.
2. India believes that disengagement would leave greater strategic space for China in its immediate neighbourhood.

Significance of India–Myanmar Engagement

I.Connectivity Importance

1. Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

1. The Kaladan Project connects Kolkata to Sittwe port through sea routes and further links Mizoram through inland waterways and road connectivity.
2. The project is expected to improve connectivity between mainland India and the Northeast region.

2. India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway

1. The Trilateral Highway aims to connect Moreh in Manipur with Mae Sot in Thailand through Myanmar.
2. The project can transform Northeast India into a gateway for trade and connectivity with Southeast Asia.

Security Importance

1. Counter-Insurgency Cooperation

1. Cooperation with Myanmar is essential because several insurgent groups have historically operated in border regions.
2. Myanmar has assured India that its territory will not be used against Indian interests.

2. Cybercrime Cooperation

1. Bilateral cooperation has enabled the rescue of more than 2,400 Indian nationals from scam centres operating in Myanmar.
2. Continued coordination is necessary to tackle transnational cybercrime networks.

III. Economic and Developmental Importance

1. Bilateral trade between India and Myanmar stood at approximately $1.95 billion in 2025–26.
2. Both countries have agreed to promote trade through a rupee-kyat settlement mechanism.
3. India and Myanmar are also expanding cooperation in critical minerals and rare-earth sectors.
4. India has increased Mekong-Ganga Cooperation scholarships for Myanmar students from 36 to 100 annually from 2026.

Challenges

1. Internal Conflict in Myanmar: Ongoing armed conflict has created security challenges along major connectivity corridors. Armed groups control significant territories, making project implementation difficult.
2. Delays in Connectivity Projects: The Kaladan Project and the Trilateral Highway have faced repeated delays due to security and logistical challenges.
3. Political Instability: Myanmar’s evolving political situation creates uncertainty regarding long-term cooperation and project execution.

Way Forward

1. Accelerate Connectivity Projects

1. India and Myanmar should ensure the timely completion of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.
2. Faster implementation of these projects will strengthen regional connectivity and economic integration.

2. Strengthen Border Security Cooperation

1. Both countries should enhance intelligence sharing and coordinated border management mechanisms.
2. Joint efforts should focus on combating insurgency, arms trafficking, drug smuggling, and cybercrime.

3. Deepen Economic Engagement

1. India should expand trade and investment ties with Myanmar through the rupee-kyat settlement mechanism.
2. Greater cooperation in critical minerals, rare earths, energy, and infrastructure sectors should be encouraged.

4. Support Capacity Building and Development

1. India should increase educational scholarships, skill development initiatives, and developmental assistance for Myanmar.
2. Such measures will strengthen people-to-people ties and generate goodwill.

5. Maintain Pragmatic Diplomatic Engagement

1. India should continue engaging all relevant stakeholders in Myanmar while respecting its sovereignty.
2. Constructive engagement will provide India with greater influence in shaping regional outcomes.

6. Balance Chinese Influence

1. India should strengthen its strategic presence through infrastructure development, economic partnerships, and diplomatic outreach.
2. A sustained Indian presence can prevent excessive dependence of Myanmar on China.

Conclusion: India’s approach towards Myanmar is guided by strategic realism and national interest. By combining sustained engagement, enhanced connectivity, stronger security cooperation, and deeper economic ties, India can advance its Act East Policy, secure its northeastern region, and promote stability in the wider Indo-Pacific region.

Question: India’s policy towards Myanmar is driven by strategic necessities rather than ideological preferences. Examine the significance of India’s engagement with Myanmar in the context of connectivity, security, and regional geopolitics.

Source: The Hindu