Daily Quiz #72 UPSC Prelims Marathon – January 27, 2020

Explanation: Some of the books written during freedom struggle are listed below:
•M.K. Gandhi (Mahattma Gandhi) – Young India, Harijan, Navjivan, Hindu Swarajya, My Experiments With Truth
•Bal Gangadhar Tilak – Kesri, The Maratha, Gita Rahasya
•Jawahar Lal Nehru – Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Meri Kahani
•Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad – Al Hilal, India Wins Freedom, Gubare Khatir
•Lala Lajpat Rai – Unhappy India
•Dr. Rajendra Prasad – India Divided
•Lala Hardayal – Hints For Self Culture
•Surendra Nath Banarji – Bangali, A Nation In Making
•Veer Savarkar – War Of Indian Independence
•Ravindra Nath Tagore – Geetanjali (Nobel Prize Winner Book), Home and The World, Gora, Hungry Stones, Chandalika, Visarjan
•Madan Mohan Malviya – Abhyuday, Hindustan, Leader
•Gopal Krishna Gokhle – Nation
•Keshav Chandra Sen – Indian Mirror, Vaam Bodhini
•Dinbandhu Mitra – Neel Darpan
•Arvind Ghosh – Karmyogi, Yugantar, Savitri, Life Divine, Essays On Gita, Bande Matram
•Muhammad Iqbal – Tarane Hind, Baange Dara
•Annie Besant – Commonweal, New India
•Subhash Chandra Bose – Indian Struggle
•Paranjape – Kaal
•Muhammad Ali – Comred, Hamdard
•Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Samvad Kaumudi
•Ishwarchadra Vidyasagar – Som Prakash
•Motilal Nehru – Independent
•Dada Bhai Naurauji – Rust Guftgur, Poverty And Un British Rule In India
•Shishir Kumar Ghosh – Amrit Bazar Patrika
•Tarak Nath Das – Free Hindustan
•Shachindra Sanyal – The Revolutionary
•Dayanand Sarswati – Satyarth Darpan
•Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya – History Of Congress
•Valentine Chirol – Indian Unrest
•Chittaranjan Das – India For Indians
•Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – Anand Math, Devi Chaudharani
•Bhartendu Harishchandra – Bharat Durdasha
•Shivanand – Divine Life
•Nayantara Sahgal – A Voice Of Freedom

Explanation: Some of the organisations founded before formation of Indian National Congress are:
1. Landholders Society: Founded in: 1836, Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta), Founded by: Dwarkanath Tagore
2. British India Society: Founded in: 1839, Place: London, Founded by: William Adam
3. Bengal British India Society: Founded in: 1843, Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta)
4. British India Association: Founded in: 1852, Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta), Founded by: Dwarkanath Tagore
5. Madras Native Association: Founded in: 1852, Place: Chennai (former name: Madras), Founded by: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
6. Bombay Association: Founded in: 1852, Place: Mumbai (former name: Bombay), Founded by: Jagannath Shankar Seth
7. East India Association: Founded in: 1866, Place: London, Founded by: Dadabhai Naoroji
8. National Indian Association: Founded in: 1867, Place: London, Founded by: Mary Carpenter
9. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha: Founded in: 1876, Place: Pune, Founded by: Mahadev Govind Ranade, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, S. H. Chiplunkar
10. Indian Society: Founded in: 1872, Place: London, Founded by: Anand Mohan Bose
11. Indian Association: Founded in: 1876, Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta), Founded by: Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
12. Madras Mahajan Sabha: Founded in: 1884, Place: Chennai (former name: Madras), Founded by: M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu
13. Bombay Presidency Association: Founded in: 1885, Place: Mumbai (former name: Bombay), Founded by: Phirozshah Mehta, K.T Telang and Badruddin Tyabji

Explanation: Odissi is a highly stylised dance and to some extent is based on the classical Natya Shastra and the Abhinaya Darpana. In fact, it has derived a great deal from the Abhinaya Darpana Prakasha by Jadunatha Sinha, theAbhinaya Chandrika by Rajmani Patra, and the Abhinaya Chandrika by Maheshwara Mahapatra.
As in other parts of India, creative literature inspired the Odissi dancer also and provided the themes for dance. This is especially true of the 12th century Gita Govinda by Jayadeva. It is a profound example of thenayaka-nayika bhava and surpasses other poems in its poetic and stylistic content. The devotion of the poet for Krishna permeates through the work.
Odissi closely follows the tenets laid down by the Natya Shastra. Facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements are used to suggest a certain feeling, an emotion or one of the nine rasas. The techniques of movement are built around the two basic postures of the Chowkand the Tribhanga. The chowk is a position imitating a square – a very masculine stance with the weight of the body equally balanced. The tribhanga is a very feminine stance where the body is deflected at the neck, torso and the knees.

Chowk: the basic standing position Tribhanga Position
The torso movement is very important and is an unique feature of the Odissi style. With the lower half of the body remaining static, the torso moves from one side to the other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body. Great training is required for this control so as to avoid any shoulder or hip movement. There are certain foot positions with flat, toe or heel contact. These are used in a variety of intricate combinations. There are also numerous possibilities of leg movements. Almost all leg movements are spiral or circular, whether in space or on the ground.

Explanation: A Morley-Minto Reform was another name of Indian Council Act of 1909, AD which was named after the secretary of state and the Viceroy. It was instituted to placate the moderates. According to this act, the membership of the central and provincial legislative councils was enlarged.
Features of the Act
1.It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised from 16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not uniform.
2.It retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non-official majority.
3.It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.
4.It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as the law member.
5.It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalised communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.
6.It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.
Indian Council Act of 1909, AD was instituted to placate the moderates and appeasement to the disseminate Muslims from National Movement by granting them separate electorate.

Explanation: A puppet is one of the most remarkable and ingenious inventions of the man. It has been said that a puppet has to be more than his live counterpart for it is definitely the suggestive element that is more captivating and enduring in a puppet.

Ancient Hindu philosophers have paid the greatest tribute to puppeteers. They have likened God Almighty to a puppeteer and the entire universe to a puppet stage. Srimad Bhagavata, the great epic depicting the story of Lord Krishna in his childhood say that with three strings-Satta, Raja and Tama, the God manipulates each object in the universe as a marionette.
The string puppets of Karnataka are called Gombeyatta. They are styled and designed like the characters of Yakshagana, the traditional theatre form of the region. The Gombeyatta puppet figures are highly stylized and have joints at the legs, shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. These puppets are manipulated by five to seven strings tied to a prop. Some of the more complicated movements of the puppet are manipulated by two to three puppeteers at a time. Episodes enacted in Gombeyatta are usually based on Prasangas of the Yakshagana plays. The music that accompanies is dramatic and beautifully blends folk and classical elements.