Daily Quiz: UPSC Prelims Marathon (History, Art & Culture) – April 12, 2020

Clive proceeded Oudh and concluded with Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab Wazir of Oudh, the Treaty of Allahabad (16 August, 1765). By this treaty, Shuja-ud-Daula was confirmed in his possessions on the following conditions:

1. That the Nawab surrenders Allahabad and Kara to Emperor Shah Alam;
2. That he agrees to pay Rs. 50 lakhs to Company as war indemnity;
3. That he confirms Balwant singh, Zamindar of Banaras, in full possession of his estate.

By the second treaty of Allahabad (August 1765) the Emperor Shah Alam was taken under the Company’s protection and was to reside at Allahabad. He was assigned Allahabad and Kara ceded by the Nawab of Oudh. The Emperor in turn issued a Farman dated 12 August 1765 granting to the Company in perpetuity the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in return for the Company making an annual payment of Rs. 26 lakhs to him and providing for the expenses of the Nizamat. Thus, the friendly treaty with Oudh made the Nawab a friend of the Company and created Oudh into a buffer state. The Emperor’s Farman legalised the political gains of the Company in Bengal.

The trial of Raja Nand Kumar is an example of how arbitrary and capricious the justice of administration was in British India. This trial is popularly known as the judicial murder of Raja Nand Kumar. This is a historically significant trial because later on this trial became a major ground for the impeachment of Governor General Warren Hastings and Chief Justice Impey of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, by the House of Commons, after they returned to England.

Lord Cornwallis, the British Governor General of India, introduced 48 regulations in 1793 which are generally known as the Cornwallis Code. This Code originated from a number of earlier regulations, viz, the orders and regulations introduced between 1772 and 1790, Hindu and Muslim laws, traditional institutions, the regulations of permanent settlement, and the British laws. The aim of the Cornwallis Code was to introduce an institutional code of law and an administrative system suitable for British colonial state. On 1 May 1793, Cornwallis announced his Code. Permanent settlement is the main subject of the Cornwallis Code. Earlier, the District Collector was at the same time the tax administrator, judge and magistrate. Now, a judge is appointed for every district and by separating the judiciary from the administration, judicial and magisterial power is vested with the judge. A gradation of civil courts was set up.

There exists some difference between Greek and Roman styles and Gandhara School integrates both the styles. The idealistic style of Greeks is reflected in the muscular depictions of Gods and other men showing strength and beauty. Lots of Greek mythological figures from the Greek Parthenon have been sculpted using marble. On the other hand, Romans used art for ornamentation and decoration and is realistic in nature as opposed to Greek idealism. The Roman art projects realism and depicts real people and major historical events. The Romans used concrete in their sculptures. They were also famous for their mural paintings.

The nominated sites must be of “outstanding universal value” and

should meet at least one of the ten mentioned criteria:

• Represents a masterpiece of human creative genius.
• Exhibits an important interchange of human values over a span of time, or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
• Bears a unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared.
• Is an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural, or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history.
• Is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use or sea-use which is representative of a culture or human-interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change,
• Is directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.