Daily Quiz: UPSC Prelims Marathon (History, Art & Culture)|November 2,2020

Commercial institutions were also well-developed to promote such extensive trade.
•Because a variety of coins were in circulation, there were money-changers or shroffs to test coins for their purity and decide their value in current terms.
•They also served as local bankers.
Source: NCERT

In early 18th Century the Dutch had given up Pulicat and moved their headquarters further south to Nagapattinam.
They had decided to shift their focus to the spice-producing islands of Indonesia and established their capital at Jakarta (Batavia).
Source: NCERT

The Portuguese threatened disruption of trade by violence unless their protection, cartaz, was bought.
•Under the cartaz system, the Portuguese exacted money from the traders as price for protection against what they termed as piracy.
•But much of this was caused by Portuguese freebooters themselves and so the whole system was a blatant protection racket.
Source: NCERT

Treaty of Salbai: It was signed on 17 May 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War it was signed between Warren Hastings and Mahadaji Scindia.
Treaty of Bassein: It was a pact signed on December 31, 1802 between the British East India Company (Lord Wellesley) and Baji Rao II, the Maratha peshwa of Pune (Poona) in India after the Battle of Poona.
The treaty was a decisive step in the dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy, which led to the East India Company’s usurpation of the peshwa’s territories in western India in 1818.
Treaty of Perpetual friendship: Maharaja Ranjit Singh, also called Sher-i-Punjab was born November 1780 at Gujranwala. When he was 12 years old he became the chief of his own misl after the death of his father in 1792.
Ranjit Singh wanted to annex Sind but could not do so because of the English opposition. In 1831 he signed the treaty of perpetual friendship with the English (William Bentinck).
Source: NCERT

The ongoing national movement influenced the tribal movements in the early decades of 20th century: The Tana Bhagat movement of Gumla in Ranchi district, and the Zeliangrong movement in the Naga Hills were two such instances.
•Jadonang (1905-193 I), who set up the Haraka religious cult with three basic objectives started the complex Zeliangrong or Haomei movement in 1925.
•The first aimed at reformation of the tribes, particularly the Zemi, Liangrnei and Rangmei, to enable them to face the onslaught of Christianity.
•Secondly, the overthrows of the exploitative colonial laws by attacking British rule.
•And third, establishment of the Naga Raj.
•The movement was also aimed against the Kuki tribe, the “outsider”.
•From 1927 onwards, influenced by Gandhi, Jadonang began a civil disobedience movement in the area.
•On 13 June 1931, Jgdonang was arrested and sentenced to death, and finally hanged on 29 August 1931
Source: NCERT

Chariots were primarily used in south Indian temples; in some, new chariots have been replaced old ones.
•If the chariots become very old and fragile, or caught with fire or even damaged beyond repair, they are not be drawn during Rathotsava but abandoned outside the town in an open field.
•They are acquired by the museums and private collectors, who restore and place them in museums.
•Today, we can see a massive chariot beautifully positioned in the newly built Manjusha Museum at Dharmasthala (Karnataka), Calico Museum at Ahemadabad, Janapadaloka at Ramnagar (Karnataka), and Government Museum at Kanyakumari and at the National Museum in New Delhi.
Source: The Hindu

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) was founded in 1984 in New Delhi with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.
•Today INTACH is recognized as one of the world’s largest heritage organizations, with over 190 Chapters across the Country.
•In the past 31 years INTACH has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.
•Headquartered in New Delhi, it operates through various divisions such as Architectural Heritage, Natural Heritage, Material Heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Heritage Education and Communication Services (HECS), Crafts and Community Cell, Chapters, INTACH Heritage Academy, Heritage Tourism, Listing Cell and Library, Archives and Documentation Centre.
Source: The Hindu

Some of the paintings from the later period can be seen in the Jogimara caves in the Ramgarh hills in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. These are dated to be painted around 1000 BCE.
•Chhattisgarh is also home to the variety of caves in the district of Kanker like the shelter of Udkuda, Garagodi, Khairkheda, Gotitola, Kulgaon, etc.
•These shelters depict the human figurines, animals, palm prints, bullock carts, etc. which show a higher and sedentary type of living.
Source: Nitin Singhania

The ryots came to see the moneylender as devious and deceitful.
•They complained of moneylenders manipulating laws and forging accounts.
•In 1859 the British passed a Limitation Law that stated that the loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity for only three years.
•This law was meant to check the accumulation of interest over time.
Source: NCERT

By early 1915, Annie Besant had launched a campaign to demand self-government for India after the war on the lines of white colonies.
•She campaigned through her newspapers, New India and Commonweal, and through public meetings and conferences.
•At the annual session of the Congress in 1915, the efforts of Tilak and Besant met with some success. It was decided that the Extremists be admitted to the Congress.
•Although Besant failed to get the Congress to approve her scheme of Home Rule Leagues, the Congress did commit itself to a programme of educative propaganda and to a revival of local-level Congress committees.
•Not willing to wait for too long, Besant laid the condition that if the Congress did not implement its commitments, she would be free to set up her own league-which she finally had to, as there was no response from the Congress.
Source: NCERT