India’s Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) program

Source: The post India’s Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) program has been created, based on the article “Explained: India’s first indigenous Fast Breeder Reactor begins ‘core loading’, why it matters” published in “Indian express” on 14th March 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- Science and Technology – indigenisation of technology and developing new technology.

Context: The article discusses India’s first Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This reactor is part of India’s plan to use its thorium reserves for nuclear power. The reactor turns non-fissile material into fissile material, which can be used for energy.

What is the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Project in India?

India has started ‘core loading’ (process of placing nuclear fuel into the reactor’s core) at its first Fast Breeder Reactor in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This is part of a three-stage nuclear program aimed at using thorium for nuclear power. The reactor transforms non-fissile material into fissile material, which can be used to generate electricity.

How has India’s FBR program progressed?

Initiation: India’s FBR program started two decades ago, aiming to harness thorium for power generation.

Organizational Setup: In 2003, Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (BHAVINI) was established to oversee this advanced nuclear project.

Challenges and Delays: The project’s completion was initially expected by September 2010. Due to technological hurdles, the completion date faced postponements, with the latest target set for October 2022.

Global Standing: Upon completion, India will become the second country after Russia to operate a commercial FBR.

What is the significance of using thorium?

Abundant Resource: India has vast thorium reserves, located primarily in coastal sands across various states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, offering a long-term energy solution.

Dr. Bhabha’s Vision: The utilization of thorium was a key part of Dr. Homi J Bhabha’s strategy to ensure India’s energy security.

From Fertile to Fissile: Thorium, being a fertile material, can be converted into a fissile isotope like U233, making it a valuable resource for nuclear power.

Closed Fuel Cycle Approach: India’s approach involves reprocessing spent fuel, allowing for efficient use of thorium by converting it into usable nuclear fuel.

What are the three stages of India’s nuclear program?

For information on three stages of India’s nuclear program read here

Way forward

With the commencement of core loading in India’s first Fast Breeder Reactor, the way forward is clear. This crucial step in the second stage of India’s nuclear program, using MOX fuel and a U238 blanket, is pivotal for advancing to the third stage, where thorium-rich resources can be effectively utilized for long-term energy security.

Question for practice:

Discuss the significance of India’s Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) project and its progress towards utilizing thorium for nuclear power generation.