Extremist Phase (Including Revolutionary terrorism)

Statement 1 is incorrect. Bal Gangadhar Tilak never became president of Indian National Congress.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Tilak breathed his last, after a brief illness, in Bombay on August 1, 1920. Non-cooperation-Khilafat was launched by Khilafat committee on 31st August
1920. The programme was approved by Congress at a special session in Calcutta in September 1920.
Statement 3 is correct. In 1897, Tilak was arrested and tried for sedition before the Bombay High Court. Dinshaw Davar, the lawyer who secured him bail, later became the judge and passed a sentence on him in 1908.
Tilak was arrested in 1908 and charged with sedition for second time. Initially, Jinnah appeared for Tilak and applied for bail, but this was rejected by Justice Davar.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah successfully defended Tilak in the latter’s third sedition trial in 1916.

The Cellular Jail in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a prison where Indians fighting for freedom from the British were exiled and incarcerated under very inhuman conditions.
Today, a national memorial, it is called cellular because it was constructed to host only individual cells for the purpose of solitary confinement.
Some prominent inmates of the Cellular Jail were: Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi, Yogendra Shukla, Batukeshwar Dutt, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Bhai Parmanand, Sohan Singh, Subodh Roy and Trailokyanath Chakravarty.
-Barindra Kumar Ghose and Aurobindo Ghosh were arrested in 1908 following the intensified police investigation after attempted killing of Kingsford by two revolutionaries Khudiram and Prafulla on 30 April 1908.
The trial (known as the Alipore Bomb Case) initially sentenced BarinGhosh and Ullaskar Datta to death. However, the sentence was reduced to life imprisonment, by Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das and Barin was deported to the Cellular Jail in Andaman in 1909 along with other convicts.
-Fazl-E-HaqKhairabadi was covered by an amnesty after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 failed and was arrested by the British authorities on 30 January 1859 at Khairabad for inciting violence.
He was tried and found guilty of encouraging murder and role in the ‘jihad’. He was sentenced for life to the prison at Kalapani (Cellular Jail) on Andaman Island, and his property was confiscated by the judicial commissioner of Awadh court.
-Batukeshwar Dutt along with Bhagat Singh was involved in the Central Legislative Assembly Bombing Case of 1929, passed away on 20th July 1965 after an illness at the age of 54. Dutt was sentenced to life imprisonment and deported to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair.

The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal and others with the help of the German foreign office under ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
• These revolutionaries aimed to mobilize the Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite rebellion among Indian troops there and to even organize an armed invasion of British India to liberate the country.
• The Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul to work among Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) and to incite anti-British feelings among the people of these countries.

The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with its headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far East.
• These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.
• They were based in the US and Canadian cities along the western (Pacific) coast.
• Pre-Ghadr revolutionary activity had been carried on by Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal who reached their in1911.
• To carry out revolutionary activities, the earlier activists had set up a ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver and ‘United India House’ at Seattle. Finally in 1913, the Ghadr was established

By early 1915, Annie Besant had launched a campaign to demand self-government for India after the war on the lines of white colonies.
• She campaigned through her newspapers, New India and Commonweal, and through public meetings and conferences.
• At the annual session of the Congress in 1915, the efforts of Tilak and Besant met with some success. It was decided that the Extremists be admitted to the Congress.
• Although Besant failed to get the Congress to approve her scheme of Home Rule Leagues, the Congress did commit itself to a programme of educative propaganda and to a revival of local-level Congress committees.
• Not willing to wait for too long, Besant laid the condition that if the Congress did not implement its commitments, she would be free to set up her own league—which she finally had to, as there was no response from the Congress.
• Tilak and Besant set up their separate leagues to avoid any friction.
• There was an informal understanding between both the leagues wherein Tilak’s league worked in Maharashtra (except Bombay), Karnataka, Berar and the Central Provinces. Besant’s league worked in the rest of the country.
• Tilak’s league had its headquarters in Delhi. It had 6 branches. Besant’s league had 200 branches and was a looser organisation compared to Tilak’s.

Rash Behari Ghosh was born on 23 December 1845 in Burdwan, West Bengal. After a short spell in the local pathshala, Rashbihari was educated in the Burdwan Raj Collegiate School.
• Passing the entrance examination from Bankura, he entered Presidency College, Calcutta and obtained a first class in the M.A. examination in English. In 1871 he passed with honours the Law examination and in 1884 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws.
• Ghosh was closely associated with Calcutta University. From 1887 to 1899 he was a member of the Syndicate. Gokhale’s scheme of compulsory primary education received
his warm support and during the Swadeshi movement he supported the move for national education, becoming the first President of the National Council of Education (1906 – 21).
• He did not associate himself publicly with the Indian National Congress until 1906. His first important appearance in politics was in 1905 when he presided over a meeting held in the Calcutta Town Hall to protest against the offensive remarks of Lord Curzon at the Convocation ceremony of Calcutta University.
• In 1906 he was the Chairman of the Reception Committee when the Congress held its annual session in Calcutta. Next year (1907) he presided over the Surat session which ended in pandemonium. In 1908 he presided over the Madras session.

Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya, popularly also known as Gita Rahasya or
Karmayog Shashtra, is a 1915 Marathi language book authored by Indian social reformer
and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak while he was in prison at Mandalay,
Burma.

Sri Aurobindo was renowned and important personality in the history of the
Indian resurgence and Indian nationalism.
•Aurobindo had a versatile brilliance. He was a great poet, a thoughtful thinker, a
distinguished metaphysican, a great prophet and a passionate patriot.
•He wrote effective texts that represented the crystallization of the new and rising
soul of India and given a spiritual message for humankind.
•He wrote that “Political freedom is the life-breath of a nation. To attempt social
reform, educational reform, industrial expansion, the moral improvement of
the race without aiming first and foremost at political freedom, is the very
height of ignorance and futility.
•The primary requisite for national progress, national reform, is the habit of free and
healthy national thought and action which is impossible in a state of servitude.”

Statement 1 is correct. The Chittagong armoury raid took place on 18 April

1930 and was an attempt at raiding the armoury of police and auxiliary forces, led by

freedom fighter Surya Sen.

Pritilata Waddedar joined the freedom movement and worked with revolutionaries like

Surya Sen and Nirmal Sen. She was involved in several revolutionary acts like the famous

Chittagong armoury raid and attack on the Pahartali European club at Chittagong in

1932.

Statement 2 is incorrect. During the attack on the Pahartali European club at Chittagong in

1932, she received bullet injury. However, she consumed cyanide before the British police

could capture her.