The revolt of 1858 and its aftermath (Till 1885)

Statement 1 is incorrect. Lakshmi Bai was born around 1827 in present-day Varanasi in northeast India. Named Manikarnika, she was the daughter of a Brahman who worked as an adviser to the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Maratha Empire, Baji Rao II.
Statement 2 is correct. In 1853 Gangadhar Rao, the maharaja of Jhansi became ill. He then instructed that Lakshmi Bai would rule as regent until the adopted boy came of age. Shortly after the adoption, Lakshmi became a widow. Lakshmi Bai’s hold on power in Jhansi lasted until March 1858, when company troops led by Gen. Hugh Rose laid siege to the fortress.

Charles Metcalfe (Governor General – 1835 – 36) known as the “liberator of the Indian press”.
• He repealed the Licensing regulation, 1823.
• During his tenure Printing Press grew rapidly.
• The new Metcalfe act 1835 required the publisher to follow a registration procedure and give a precise account of premises of publication.

“The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857” book was written by famous
historian R. C. Majumdar.

First Factory Act, 1881.
•To improve the lot of factory labourers, the Government of Ripon passed the first
Factory Act, 1881 which sought to regulate and improve the conditions of labour.
•The Act was applicable in case of factories employing 100 or more hands.
•The Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of seven, limited
the number of working hours for children below the age of twelve and required that
dangerous machinery should be fenced

Lord Ripon.
•Lord Ripon in 1882 decided to transfer financial responsibility to the provinces.
Accordingly he divided the resources of revenues into three categories-Imperia1,
Provincial and Divided.
•The Imperial Heads of revenue were customs, salt and opium, posts and
telegraph, mint etc. These revenues were exclusively meant for the Central
Government.
•The Provincial Head were receipts of general administration and included
subjects like law and justice public works, education, police, jails etc. The
income from these sources was exclusively assigned to the provinces.
•In addition to this a percentage of land revenue was also assigned to the provinces
by the Imperial Government.
•The Divided Heads included excise, stamps, registration, forests, licenses etc.
The income from these heads was shared between the imperial and the Provincial
Government.

•The depressed class mission: R V Shinde was a prominent campaigner on behalf
of the Dalit movement in India who established the Depressed Classes Mission of
India to provide education to the Dalits. He laid the foundation of Depressed Class
Mission on 18 October 1906 in order to work against untouchability on the
national level.
•Social Service League: Narayan Malhar Joshi, a leading member of the Servants of
India Society, founded the Social Service League in 1911.
•The objective of the movement was “to collect and study social facts and discuss
social problems with a view to forming public opinion on questions of social service”
and to secure for the masses a better quality of life and work.
•The League opened a number of day and night schools, libraries, dispensaries and
started boys’ clubs and scouts corps.
•Deccan Education Society: Deccan education society is an organization which
runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It was created in the year 1884. The college was the first higher-education
institution in Pune.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the “Gagging Act” had been passed by
Lord Canning, which sought to regulate the establishment of printing presses and to
restrain the mad of printed mater.
•All presses had to have a license from the government with distinction between
publications in English and other regional languages.
•The Gagging Act also held that no printed material shall impugn the motives of the
British Raj, tending to bring it hatred and contempt and exciting unlawful resistance
to its orders.
•When the British Government found that the Gagging Act was not potent enough to
repress all nationalist sentiments, it created a more forcible law, designed in part by
Sir Alexander John Arbuthnot and Sir Ashley Eden, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal;
known as Vernacular Press Act.
•Lord Lytton brought Vernacular Press Act came in to force in 1878. It was repealed
by Lord Ripon in 1882.

The goal of the Sargent plan was the reorganization of the entire education

system of India. The commission under the chairmanship of the John Sargent submitted its

report to the Central Advisory Board of Education CABE in (1944).This scheme of post war

educational development was mainly focused on the quality enhancement of higher

education (ie. university system).

Recommendations-

• Pre-primary basic school for 3-6 years age group.
• Compulsory and free education for 6-14 year age group.
• High school education of two types – Academic & Technical and Vocational.
• Refresher courses for teachers and better salary for them.
• Abolition of intermediate courses.
• Standard of the universities must be raised.
• Admission should be restricted so only the capable students can go for the higher

education.