Constructive programmes are the social work initiatives of Mahatma Gandhi launched during inactive phase of freedom struggle. Constructive programmes are said to have played role of keeping moral of congress workers high, widening the meaning of swaraj, and preparation for the next phase of struggle.   The constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi during non-cooperation and civil disobedience movement, consisted of following work:   Satygraha Sabha made from members of Home Rule… Continue reading [Answered] Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.

The world wars have been analysed from multiple perspectives of causes and factors leading to the crisis. Challenge to democratic state system was a fundamental challenge in the inter-war years in light of events that followed.    Several challenges to democratic state system emerged in inter-war years, such as:   Rise of Hitler to power in Germany was amidst weak institutional checks. Nazi Party soon became the only political… Continue reading [Answered] “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement.

Moderates were the early proponents and leaders of Indian national movement associated with the Indian National Congress. They used methods of petitions, questioning and debate to vocalise India’s national subjugation and need for its amelioration.   Role of moderates in widening the base of India’s freedom movement:   Moderates provided ideological base for growth of freedom movement. For example, Dada Bhai Naoroji’s economic critique of colonial rule created conviction about exploitative… Continue reading [Answered] To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment.

Tribal knowledge systems represent inter-generational wisdom in band societies passed on to the present times through centuries of experience and learnings. While similar characteristics can be seen in evolution of mainstream knowledge and culture, tribal knowledge systems are unique due to following reasons:   Tribal societies have contemporary knowledge of nature due to continued closeness to forests, flora and fauna. Mainstream societies have moved on… Continue reading [Answered] Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems

A gig economy is a free market system in which temporary positions are common and organizations hire independent workers for short-term commitments.    Gig economy can help in process of empowerment of women in India in following ways:    Gig employment allows part-time work and flexible working hours which allows women to balance their traditional roles (homemakers and care giver) with employment.    Gig employment complemented by work-from-home (WFH) and technology has addressed the issue of safety during travel and… Continue reading [Answered] Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.

A subcontinent is a part of a continent that has distinct geographical, political and cultural identity. India is considered as a subcontinent because:   Geography: India is seventh largest country in the world. Indian landmass is bounded by Himalayas in the north and Indian ocean in the south that gives it a distinct identity. A long coast line, a large desert (Thar), highest mountains ranges and large plains (India-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains) gives a physiological diversity that can be observed only on continental scale.  As per plate… Continue reading [Answered] Why is India considered as a subcontinent? Elaborate your answer.

A volcano eruption is when lava and gas are released from an active volcano, often explosively. Volcanoes have significant impact on the regional environment, as can be seen from the examples of following volcanoes in 2021:   Hunga Tonga-Hunga Hapai: The submarine volcano erupted in December, 2021.   Taal volcano: The volcano near Manila, experienced eruptions in 2021.   Nyiragongo: The violent/explosive eruption of this… Continue reading [Answered] Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment

Land reclamation is one of the most consequential fields of human induced environmental transformation. In this light reclamation of water bodies into urban land use has following environmental consequences:    Damage to water ecology: Urban land transformation leads to creation of residential, commercial buildings, such as houses, restaurants around water bodies, causing degradation of water ecology and influx of… Continue reading [Answered] What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of Water bodies into urban land use? Explain with examples.

Landslides are the movement of mass of debris, earth or rock, sliding down under the effect of gravity. Landslides are a common problem across the Himalayas and Western Ghats. However, the factors for the two differ, as seen in the following table:   Western Ghats   Himalayan region   Heavy mining activities in the western ghat region is a major factor leading to landslides.   Deforestation… Continue reading [Answered] Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats.

India being a part of Gondwanaland, is richly endowed with mineral wealth such as coal, iron, mica, aluminium etc., however, mining sector of India contributes only 2.2% to 2.5% to the GDP of the country. Reasons for low contribution are as under:   Minerals are located in forested tribal areas. Democratic polity with a mandate for welfare creates conflicting priority of mineral exploitation and tribal development.  Multiple clearances… Continue reading [Answered] Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss.