Source: The post Russia officially recognises Taliban government after policy shift has been created, based on the article “Understanding Russia’s Taliban gauntlet” published in “The Hindu” on 28th July 2025
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- International Relations
Context: On July 3, 2025, Russia officially recognised the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), marking a dramatic shift from its earlier stance. This follows the accreditation of the Taliban’s ambassador in Moscow and reflects changing geopolitical calculations, despite unresolved concerns over terrorism and regional stability. Russia officially recognises Taliban government after policy shift
Historical Hostility and Policy Shift
- Russia’s Past Opposition to the Taliban: From 1996 to 2001, Russia viewed the Taliban as hostile. It withdrew its diplomatic mission and supported the Northern Alliance against Taliban forces. The Taliban’s support for Chechen separatists further deepened animosity.
- Post-9/11 Alignment with the West: Russia aligned with the U.S. after the 9/11 attacks, supporting UN sanctions and Operation Enduring Freedom. The Taliban was added to Russia’s list of terrorist organisations in 2003.
- Gradual Rapprochement through Pakistan: In the early 2010s, Russia initiated informal contact with the Taliban via Pakistan. This helped protect Russian interests, especially in countering the Islamic State Khorasan Province (IS-K) and drug trafficking.
Emerging Engagement and Diplomatic Calculations
- Diplomatic Involvement Before 2021 Takeover: Russia hosted Taliban representatives in multilateral talks, balancing relations between the Afghan government and the Taliban. This strengthened its regional influence amid U.S. withdrawal.
- Continued Presence After Taliban Takeover: Unlike many countries, Russia kept its embassy operational after August 2021. It expressed confidence in the Taliban’s ability to govern, despite mounting security risks.
- Security Challenges Despite Cooperation: IS-K attacks, including one on the Russian Embassy in Kabul (2022) and the Moscow concert hall (2024), have compromised Russian interests. Yet Russia hopes Afghanistan can facilitate its exports to South and Southeast Asia.
Recognition Based on Realpolitik
- Recognition Driven by Strategic Assessment: Russia views the Taliban as the only viable political force in Afghanistan. This perception led to their partial de-listing as a terrorist organisation in April 2025, although legal ambiguity remains.
- Lack of Immediate Gains: The recognition is largely symbolic, with no major strategic benefits yet. Despite internal support for further engagement, Moscow’s future actions depend on tangible counter-terrorism outcomes.
- Potential Regional Impact: Russia’s move could influence other nations, including China and Central Asian states. Its leniency on governance standards may set a new precedent for pragmatic diplomacy in the region.
Implications for India
- India’s Measured Diplomatic Approach: India has also initiated dialogue with the Taliban, focusing on terrorism concerns, including Kashmir. However, it remains cautious and avoids formal recognition.
- Continued Engagement Without Recognition: New Delhi is likely to maintain humanitarian and trade cooperation with the IEA. Its Afghanistan policy remains rooted in strategic engagement without legitimising the Taliban regime.
Question for practice:
Discuss the factors that led Russia to officially recognise the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 2025 despite its historical opposition.
