Question No. 1
With reference to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, consider the following statements:
1.The movement was withdrawn by Gandhi primarily because of the Chauri Chaura incident, as he believed the masses had not yet mastered the art of non-violent discipline.
2.The Khilafat issue, a central pillar of the movement, lost its relevance not due to British concessions, but because the people of Turkey themselves rose under Mustafa Kemal Pasha to abolish the Sultanate and secularize the state.
3.Gandhi’s reasoning for withdrawal was also influenced by the fear that a violent movement would provide the British government a moral and legal justification to unleash massive state repression.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 2
Regarding the critique of the Bardoli Resolution (1922) and Gandhi’s strategy, consider the following statements:
1.Critics like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru argued that the withdrawal was a “national calamity” because the movement was retracted just as the government was on the defensive.
2.Gandhi justified the retreat by stating that mass movements have an inherent tendency to fatigue, and a strategic withdrawal was necessary to prevent the demoralization that follows a crushed rebellion.
3.Some radical historians argue that Gandhi withdrew the movement to protect the interests of the landed aristocracy and the business class, as the movement was turning into a “no-rent” campaign in several provinces.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 3
The 1920s was an era of various ideological strands in Indian Nationalism. Consider the following statements:
1.While the Gandhian ideology focused on constructive work (Khadi and untouchability), the decade also saw the birth of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925, seeking to link the national struggle with the global proletarian movement.
2.Revolutionary nationalism saw a revival with the formation of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), which aimed to establish a Federal Republic of United States of India through an armed revolution.
3.Identity-based movements, such as the Self-Respect Movement led by E.V. Ramaswamy ‘Periyar’ in South India, began to demand social equality alongside political independence.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 4
Following the Gaya Session (1922) of the Congress, the party split into ‘Swarajists’ and ‘No-Changers’. Consider the following pairs:
GroupLeadersCore Strategy
I. Swarajists (Pro-Changers)C.R. Das and Motilal NehruEntry into Legislative Councils to wreck the 1919 Act from within.
II. No-ChangersC. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra PrasadFocus on the ‘Constructive Programme’ and boycott of councils. Which of the following statements regarding these groups is correct?
1.The Gaya Session, presided over by C.R. Das, actually rejected the proposal for council entry, leading to the formation of the ‘Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party’.
2.The No-Changers believed that council entry would lead to ‘Parliamentary Mentalism’ and corruption of the nationalist spirit.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Question No. 5
With reference to the internal debate between Swarajists and No-Changers, consider the following statements:
1.Swarajists argued that the councils could be used as an arena for political propaganda to “mend or end” the reforms, while No-Changers argued that this would divert energy from mass mobilization.
2.Despite their differences, both groups remained united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who eventually brokered the Belgaum Pact (1924) to prevent a 1907-style Surat split.
3.Both groups agreed that the ultimate goal was ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) as defined in the 1920 Nagpur session.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 6
Regarding the activities of Swarajists in the Legislative Councils, consider the following statements:
1.Their primary agenda was to use the councils as a platform to expose the hollow nature of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms by blocking budgets and moving adjournments.
2.They successfully opposed the bureaucracy by voting down government bills and demanding a Round Table Conference to frame a new constitution.
3.They used the council floor to advocate for a “National Economic Policy” that prioritized the protection of Indian industries against British imports.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 7
With reference to the electoral success and legislative agendas of the Swarajists, consider the following statements:
1.In the 1923 elections, the Swaraj Party emerged as the largest party in the Central Legislative Assembly and won a clear majority in the Central Provinces.
2.A major legislative achievement was the election of Vithalbhai Patel as the first Indian Speaker (President) of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.
3.The Swarajists succeeded in getting the government to repeal several repressive laws, including the Rowlatt Act and the Press Act of 1910.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 8
Consider the following statements regarding the influence of Swarajists in local bodies and their legislative stands:
1.Swarajists captured several municipal corporations, with leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru becoming the Mayor of Allahabad and Subhash Chandra Bose becoming the Chief Executive Officer of the Calcutta Municipality.
2.In 1928, the Swarajists, along with other nationalists, successfully defeated the Public Safety Bill, which the government intended to use to deport “undesirable” socialist and communist foreigners.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Question No. 9
With reference to the decline and drawbacks of the Swaraj Party, consider the following statements:
1.The death of C.R. Das in 1925 was a catastrophic blow, as he was the unifying force between the various factions of the party.
2.The party faced internal challenges as many members began to succumb to the “lure of office” and were absorbed into the government’s committee system, weakening their obstructionist stance.
3.The party struggled with coalition building, as Muslim members often drifted away due to the rise of communal politics in the mid-1920s.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Question No. 10
Regarding the ‘Responsivists’ and the final phase of council entry, consider the following statements:
1.The Responsivists, including leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and N.C. Kelkar, advocated for cooperation with the government to protect Hindu interests.
2.Gandhi criticized the Responsivists for drifting toward communalism and for abandoning the core principle of non-cooperation with the British.
3.By 1926, the Swaraj Party was so divided that it failed to perform well in the elections, eventually leading to their walk-out from the councils in 1930.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
