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Source: This post on West Nile Virus (WNV) has been created based on the article “Deadly West Nile virus spreads across Ukraine, 11 fatalities since July” published in Down to Earth on 18th October 2024.
Why in news?
Ukraine is facing a serious West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak.
About West Nile Virus (WNV)
| Aspects | Description |
| About | 1. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that primarily affects birds but can also infect humans and other animals. 2. It belongs to the Flavivirus genus which also includes dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. WNV is most commonly transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes. |
| Transmission | 1. The virus is transmitted to humans and animals via the bite of an infected mosquito, usually Culex species. 2. Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on birds carrying the virus. 3. Human-to-human transmission is rare but can occur through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. |
| Symptoms | 1. Asymptomatic (80%): Most people (around 80%) who are infected with WNV do not show symptoms. 2. Mild Illness (20%): Symptoms may include fever, headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhoea, or rash. This condition is often referred to as West Nile fever. 3. Severe Illness (1%): A small percentage of infected people develop serious neurologic illness, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord). |
| Symptoms | It includes high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, coma, tremors, seizures, or paralysis. Severe illness can be fatal, especially in older adults and those with weakened immune systems. |
| Geographic Distribution | WNV is found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and West Asia. In recent decades, it has spread to many parts of the world, including North America, where it has become a seasonal epidemic. |
| Prevention | 1. Mosquito control: Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes breed, use insect repellents, and wear long sleeves and pants. 2. Avoid exposure: Reduce outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity (dawn and dusk). 3. Public health measures: Governments often implement mosquito surveillance programs to monitor and control outbreaks. |
| Treatment | There is no specific treatment for WNV infection. For mild cases, over-the-counter pain relievers may alleviate symptoms. Severe cases may require hospitalization, supportive care, and intravenous fluids. |
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