Sanitation In India- Explained Pointwise

Sanitation systems are integral to our daily lives. They help in managing the disposal and treatment of used water, safeguarding public health and preventing environmental pollution. This article explores the diverse types of sanitation systems, their roles in rural and urban settings, and the benefits and challenges associated with these systems.

What are the different types of Sanitation Systems being used In India?

1. On-site Sanitation Systems (OSS)

a. Twin Pits and Septic Tanks- In rural areas, where centralized sewage systems are impractical, twin pits and septic tanks are commonly used. Twin pits involve two pits separated by at least one meter. One pit is left unused for two years to allow for natural decomposition while the other is in use. The liquid portion soaks into the ground, and solids degrade at the pit’s bottom.

The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, launched in India in 2014, has promoted the construction of twin pit toilets in rural areas, emphasizing safe containment and eco-friendly disposal of human waste.

b. Other On-site Systems- Bio-digester toilets, bio-tanks, and urine diversion dry toilets are alternative on-site systems. These structures serve as collection and storage units, allowing for passive treatment before disposal into the surrounding soil.

The Sulabh International Social Service Organization in India has pioneered the use of bio-toilets, offering sustainable and low-cost sanitation solutions in urban and rural areas.

2. Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)

a. Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTPs)- FSTPs are crucial in areas with on-site sanitation. These plants treat faecal sludge removed from pits or tanks. Mechanical or gravity-based systems are employed for treatment. Treated by-products can be reused in agriculture.

The city of Warangal has implemented decentralized FSTPs to treat faecal sludge locally, showcasing a model for effective urban faecal sludge management.

3. Urban Sanitation: Sewer Systems and Treatment Plants

a. Underground Networks of Pipes (Sewers)- In densely populated urban areas, sewer systems consist of interconnected pipes that collect and convey used water to treatment facilities. These networks transport wastewater from toilets, bathrooms, and kitchens.

The Chennai Smart City project incorporates modern sewer systems to manage urban wastewater efficiently, contributing to improved sanitation in the city.

b. Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)- STPs use physical, biological, and chemical processes to remove pollutants from sewage. Mechanized and non-mechanized systems are employed, and treated water is discharged, while solids may be repurposed.

The Okhla STP in Delhi utilizes advanced membrane filtration for wastewater treatment,
demonstrating technological innovation for water reuse.

The Necessity of Complex Sanitation Systems- Used water accumulates impurities, including organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, and heavy metals, necessitating comprehensive sanitation systems. The containment, removal, and treatment of used water are critical to preventing pollution and protecting public and environmental health.

What is the need of Sanitation System In India?

1. Public Health Impact- Sanitation facilities can have an implication for waterborne diseases and can have overall impact of India’s health status. For Ex- Positive results of the Total Sanitation Campaign in India.

2. Environmental Protection- Discharge of untreated sewage water into River Ganga remains one of the important sources of pollution.

3. Social and Economic Benefits- Improved sanitation correlates with economic productivity, as healthier communities are more capable of participating in the workforce and contributing to economic development.

4. Cultural and Societal Dignity- Access to proper sanitation facilities enhances human dignity, especially for women, by providing safe and private spaces for personal hygiene.

5. Addressing the challenge of Manual Scavenging- Manual scavenging is a dangerous and unhygienic practice that continues in India, with over 50,000 manual scavengers. Moreover, over 73 per cent of these belong to Schedule Castes.

What are the Challenges in the implementation of the Sanitation systems in India?

1. Difficulty in Achieving Universal Access- Despite national initiatives, some remote and economically disadvantaged areas in India still face challenges in accessing adequate sanitation facilities.

2. Operational Challenges- Issues related to the maintenance of sanitation infrastructure are observed in some urban areas.

3. Affordability and Financial Barriers- The upfront costs associated with implementing sanitation infrastructure can be prohibitive for individuals and communities, particularly in economically challenged regions.

4. Behavioural and Cultural Factors- Deeply ingrained habits and cultural beliefs often impede the adoption of proper sanitation practices.

5. Climate and Geographical Considerations- Certain geographical features, such as rocky terrains or areas prone to flooding, pose challenges for the implementation of standard sanitation systems.

What should be the Way Forward?

Addressing the challenges and optimizing sanitation systems for enhanced efficiency is imperative for sustainable development. The following steps can guide the way forward:

1. Innovations in Technology- The adoption of decentralized and community-scale sewage treatment plants, like those implemented in the city of Devanahalli, showcases the potential of innovative technologies.

2. Community Engagement and Education- Initiatives like the “Nirmal Gram Puraskar” initiative of Ministry Of Rural Development recognizes and rewards open-defecation-free villages, promoting community engagement and education.

3. Policy and Governance- The National Urban Sanitation Policy in India provides a framework for the planning and development of urban sanitation infrastructure.

4. International Cooperation- Collaborative efforts with international organizations, such as World Bank-supported projects, can contribute in addressing sanitation challenges.

Sanitation systems are indispensable for maintaining public health and environmental integrity. By acknowledging the benefits, addressing challenges, and embracing forward-thinking solutions, societies, including India, can work towards achieving universal access to safe and efficient sanitation services and meet the