Current Affairs Compilations for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

• ASEAN, a persistence with dialogue, on a trodden path
• Achieve road efficiency at minimal privacy risk
• Is there a rural bias in national surveys
• On Manipur video, where Women’s Commission went wrong

GS Paper 3

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

ASEAN, a persistence with dialogue, on a trodden path

Source– The post is based on the article “ASEAN, a persistence with dialogue, on a trodden path” published in “The Hindu” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus : GS 2- Regional groupings and agreements

Relevance: ASEAN

News- The 56th Foreign Ministers Meeting of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the post-ministerial conferences and other related regional meetings, held in Jakarta, Indonesia in mid-July, 2023.

What is the vision of ASEAN?

Political community that ensures regional peace and a just, democratic and harmonious environment.

Economic community focused on achieving a well-integrated and connected regional economy within the global economic system.

Socio-cultural community to enhance the quality of life of ASEAN’s citizens as well as sustainable development of the region.

What are the challenges faced by ASEAN?

China has close political and economic ties with ASEAN member states. Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar are considered as virtual dependencies.

But, the Philippines has recently become more assertive in its claims in the South China Sea.

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand hold favourable attitudes towards Beijing. None of these countries raises objections to China’s delaying tactics in negotiating an enforceable code of conduct for the South China Sea.

The strained relationship between the U.S. and China is a cause of worry for ASEAN.

As per China, the U.S. is solely responsible for poor relations. It is not willing to accept and accommodate itself to China’s ‘peaceful rise. The U.S is against the Chinese aggressiveness and coercion in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

ASEAN prefers the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP). Its four identified areas are maritime cooperation, connectivity, UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and economic cooperation. But, its actual implementation remains a worry.

ASEAN does not have a united position on the Myanmar situation. ASEAN has barred Myanmar from all its political-level discussions. But, Thailand has its own political dialogue with the military government.

What shows the importance of ASEAN for India?

The significance of the ASEAN meetings for India becomes evident in the decision of External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to represent India at the post-ministerial conference and other regional dialogues.

He emphasised the importance of a “strong and unified” ASEAN in the emerging Indo-Pacific dynamics and highlighted the alignment between the AOIP and India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative.

He has proposed exploring “newer areas such as cyber, financial, and maritime security domains to enhance the comprehensive strategic partnership between India and ASEAN.

Achieve road efficiency at minimal privacy risk

Source– The post is based on the article “Achieve road efficiency at minimal privacy risk” published in the “mint” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus : GS2- Government policies and interventions. GS3- Infrastructure

Relevance: Issues related to road transport

News – The ministry of road transport and highways is planning to implement a toll collection system that uses satellite GPS tracking.

Why does the government want to introduce a toll collection system that uses satellite GPS tracking?

India adopted FASTag system. It eased traffic bottlenecks at toll plazas across the Country. But, toll snarls still persist on busy routes. It took away the pricing flexibility at the booth level.

The users have to pay the same charges for partial road use. There is a need for adjustable road pricing to meet the market demand.

With a network of multiple road options, toll prices that adjust according to varying traffic density can effectively attract or discourage users. It can lead to smoother overall traffic flow. Ultimately, it will save both time and fuel.

What are issues related to the toll collection system that uses satellite GPS tracking?

There are concerns regarding cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the current system. It relies on special wallets that require online money refills.

If the new system allows cars to directly access funds from our bank accounts, it would create a new weakness in our cyber defences due to a policy decision.

Under the proposed system, our personal location data would be transformed into a real-time GPS feed to facilitate toll charges. However, the misuse or unauthorised disclosure of this aerial data poses a significant risk to privacy of individuals.

Way forward

To ensure the tracking of road users, their explicit consent should be obtained upfront as part of the agreement.

Additional safeguards must be implemented. Strict time limits should be set on how long individually identifiable data can be retained once its stated purpose has been fulfilled.

The main objective of the ministry should be to align highway pricing with the fundamental principles of data protection. To avoid potential legal challenges in the future, clarity on privacy measures is essential.

Is there a rural bias in national surveys

Source: The post is based on the article “Is there a rural bias in national surveys?” published in The Hindu on 25^th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 2 – Government Policies and Interventions

Relevance: concerns associated with national surveys

News: A panel headed by Pronab Sen, a former chief statistician of India, was recently formed by the Indian government to review the National Statistical Organization’s (NSO) methodology.

Why did the government form the panel?

The government has formed a panel after the shortcomings highlighted by Shamika Ravi and Bibek Debroy in their articles.

They argue that outdated survey methodology used by the National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have consistently underestimated India’s progress.

They believe the Indian economy has been dynamic in the last 30 years, and the current methodology fails to capture this reality.

Must Read: It is unfair to blame survey methodology when results disagree with a view point and Numbers Game – on data collection methods for surveys

Why is it important to review the methodology used by the National Statistical Organization (NSO)?

National level data are essential for research, policies, and development. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly review and assess the assertions made by various specialists regarding the accuracy of this data.

Moreover, in order to analyze the claims, the article tries to focus on NFHS data.

Does the NFHS have a rural bias?

Ms. Ravi and Mr. Debroy have argued that NFHS which depend heavily on the last Census data, systematically overestimates the rural population.

However, an examination of five rounds of NFHS data contradicts this claim, showing no systematic bias towards the rural population.

When the NFHS estimates of urban population are compared to World Bank estimates and urban percentage projections from Census statistics from 1991, 2001, and 2011, no indication of systemic rural bias can be found.

On the other hand, it has been found that NFHS-3 underestimated the rural population, while NFHS-2 and NFHS-5 may have overestimated it. However, these errors appear to be random rather than systematic.

How can these errors be minimized?

Urban areas tend to have higher percentages of no-response compared to rural areas. However, this is not related to either rural or urban bias in estimation.

An analysis of the percentages of the urban sample in the unweighted sample suggests that giving proper weights may assist in significantly addressing the errors.

Hence, by appropriately assigning sample weights after considering all potential sources of error, the underrepresentation of rural or urban areas can be significantly rectified.

What can be the way ahead?

The Pronab Sen Committee should prioritize addressing concerns regarding sample representation rather than completely overhauling the survey methodology. Otherwise, there is a risk of introducing a systematic urban bias in policymaking, planning, and financing.

On Manipur video, where Women’s Commission went wrong

Source: The post is based on the article “On Manipur video, where Women’s Commission went wrong” published in “The Indian express” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 2- Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies

News: The author discusses the ineffectiveness of women’s commissions in India, especially in addressing women’s issues in Manipur. The commissions focus more on paperwork than on fieldwork. Political appointments impact their neutrality. The author suggests reforms like transparent appointments and regular audits. They urge commissions to actively address ground issues.

About women’s commissions in India

Women’s commissions were set up in India to address women’s issues.

The National Commission for Women was established in 1992, as per the National Commission for Women Act 1990.

Each state, like Manipur, has its own commission.

Manipur State Commission for Women was formed in 2006.

They are meant to investigate women’s rights violations.

Why is the women’s commission of India ineffective in addressing women’s issues in Manipur?

Lack of Proactive Action

The national commission received numerous complaints from Manipur.

Instead of addressing them, they merely forwarded complaints to the state. This led to neglect and no action.

Over-Reliance on Paperwork

The commissions focus heavily on paperwork, neglecting fieldwork.

Actual on-ground issues remain unattended, as members prioritize files over field visits.

Political Appointments

Members are nominated by the ruling political party.

This makes them hesitant to criticize the government, affecting their objectivity.

They might favor states ruled by the opposition, creating bias in their work.

Absence of Real-World Engagement

Commission members often stay in their offices instead of visiting problem areas.

For example, despite numerous complaints from Manipur, there were no extensive field visits to understand the situation.

Recommendations Ignored

Even when they take action, their recommendations might be ignored by state agencies, as seen in Manipur.

What steps should be taken to enhance its effectiveness?

Prioritize Fieldwork

Shift focus from excessive paperwork to direct involvement in problem areas.

As seen in Manipur, numerous complaints demand in-person assessment and not just forwarding issues.

Reform Appointment Process

Move away from political appointments to ensure objectivity.

Advertise roles for chairpersons and members, selecting candidates based on capability, not political affiliations.

Engage External Audits

Conduct regular social audits by competent agencies.

Taxpayers deserve to know if their money is used effectively, and external reviews can provide this insight.

Encourage Real-World Engagement

Commission members should frequently visit areas of concern.

Long-duration stays can help understand the gravity of situations, as in Manipur.

Strengthen Collaboration

Work closely with law enforcement agencies.

Instead of an adversarial approach, support these agencies to address women’s issues effectively.

Transparent Reporting

Regularly share the commission’s activities and achievements with the public.

Transparency will build trust and keep members accountable to their mandate.

GS Paper 3

An avoidable controversy over sample surveys

Source– The post is based on the article “An avoidable controversy over sample surveys” published in “The Hindu” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Government policies and interventions

Relevance: Issues related to government statistical exercise

News- An article recently raised doubts on the soundness of data collection procedures of some of the surveys such as the National Sample Survey, National Family Health Survey and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).

As per the writer, most of the surveys from 2011-12 till 2019-21 underestimates the proportion of the urban population or overestimates the rural population significantly.

What are counter arguments against the writer’s viewpoints about India’s statistical system?

Bias in population estimate– The sampling designs of the NSS or the PLFS do not specifically aim to estimate the total number of households or population. Instead, their primary purpose is to estimate the major socio-economic indicators.

The estimates of households or population size are considered auxiliary information. Data users appropriately adjust the survey-based estimates for rural and urban areas separately by using projected population figures derived from the Census.

The estimates of the number of households derived from the NSS align closely with the Census-based figures for households. The writer’s accusation about non-representative samples due to outdated sampling frames becomes less relevant for two main reasons.

Firstly, these surveys primarily rely on the population census lists of villages and urban blocks for sampling. It ensures comprehensive coverage.

Secondly, for sampling urban blocks, the NSS and PLFS utilise the latest Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks, covering all towns in the country. This helps address any urbanisation that occurred after the census through State government notifications.

Regarding the classification of geographical areas as rural or urban, all these surveys include census towns as part of the urban sampling frame.

Systematic bias in response rate- Some households don’t not share information in the survey. As household income increases, the response rate tends to decline. This challenge is encountered in similar surveys worldwide.

To address this issue, the survey methodology recommends replacing non-responsive households with other households that are as similar as possible.

However, it is important to acknowledge that the substituted households may have relatively lower income levels. It could introduce some downward bias in the overall estimates.

A majority of the welfare programmes of the government are targeted towards households in the lower income brackets. So, a very low non-response rate in these surveys is not likely to have a serious impact on the overall household level indicators.

What is the way forward to remove the concerns regarding the soundness of data collection procedures of some of the surveys?

Sample design and data quality are two distinct components of a survey. Sample design typically involves careful selection using scientific methods.

To remove the concerns about the representation of affluent households, there is a need to create a list of such households through alternative sources.

Incorporate a representative sample of them alongside the conventional survey of the rest of the population should be done.

Evaluating the coverage of the UFS frame is important to overcome the issue of underestimation of the urban population. Establishing a methodological study unit for further improvements in survey design is also a positive step.

To enhance data quality, strengthening the training of field personnel, conducting field inspections, concurrent data validation, and implementing effective publicity measures are other essential steps.

Chasing Cheetah – on cheetah reintroduction

Source: The post is based on the article “Chasing Cheetah” published in Business Standard on 25^th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Environment

Relevance: concerns associated with cheetah’s introduction in Kuno National Park

News: The deaths of five adult cheetahs and three cubs in Kuno National Park, have raised concerns about the PM’s project to introduce cheetahs from South Africa and Namibia.

About the recent death of cheetah

Read Here: Radio collars are killing the cheetahs in Kuno. Here is how — and why

Why does the cheetah’s death not raise significant worries?

The experience of cheetah relocations within Africa suggests a 50% death rate and this was taken into consideration while introducing cheetah into the Kuno.

The survival rate of cheetah cubs, even in protected ecosystems like the Serengeti plains, is typically 5-10%. Therefore, the deaths of three cubs, the first to be born in India in over 70 years, are not unexpected.

What are the challenges with the Cheetah’s relocation project?

Effectiveness of Project Management: Concerns have been raised about the efficacy of project management, particularly regarding the deaths of four of the five adult cheetahs in captivity.

For instance, one male cheetah was found disoriented, without any explanation provided. Another cheetah was underweight and had pre-existing health conditions, raising concerns about its care in captivity.

Prolonged Captivity: Some wildlife biologists have expressed concerns about the prolonged captivity of cheetahs. International standards recommend one month of quarantine and four to eight weeks in an acclimatization enclosure before releasing them into the wild.

However, the cheetahs from Namibia, who arrived in September 2022, were released into the wild in mid-March instead of mid-December.

Degree of Intervention: Concerns have been raised about the extent of interference with cheetahs in the wild. Injured females or males fighting for territory are rescued, deviating from the established practice of allowing nature to take its course.

What can be the way ahead?

Project Cheetah needs to be evaluated, especially when lions in Gir are facing habitat issues.

Advancing technologies are not giving all children a better future

Source– The post is based on the article “Advancing technologies are not giving all children a better future” published in the “Live Mint” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Inclusive growth. GS2- Vulnerable sections of the population

Relevance: Issues related to digital divide

News- The article explains the issue of lack of digital access, connectivity and literacy among children from vulnerable sections.

What are some digital divides among vulnerable sections of the population?

Women, the elderly, individuals with disabilities, ethnic or linguistic minorities, indigenous communities and residents of impoverished or remote areas are mostly impacted by this digital divide.

Children from underprivileged backgrounds are most vulnerable. They lack access to the resources needed to utilise advancing technologies.

As per a report jointly released by Unicef and the International Telecommunication Union, 2.2 billion children and young people aged 25 years or younger lack internet connectivity in their homes. 768 million children without internet access reside in South Asia.

Closer home, report by the Unified District Information System for Education plus, about 66% of schools in India lack access to the internet. Less than 50% of the schools surveyed had functional computers.

What are the impacts of digital divide on children and young population?

It impacts the academic, professional and personal endeavours of children in an increasingly digitised world.

In today’s interconnected world, access to the internet has become a fundamental necessity. It serves as a gateway to knowledge, information and opportunities.

Children from rural households face unequal levels of connectivity and access to online resources compared to their urban counterparts.

Without appropriate interventions, these disparities will only widen. It will limit educational opportunities and hinder their ability to engage in e–learning, access online educational material, and participate in virtual classrooms.

The lack of internet access in rural areas also impacts their social development. They are unable to connect with peers, explore diverse perspectives, and access a wealth of online content that could enrich their knowledge and experiences.

This dearth of connectivity also hinders their exposure to digital literacy and essential technological skills. These have become increasingly crucial in today’s workforce.

As a result, the digital divide exacerbates existing socio–economic inequalities and perpetuates a cycle of disadvantage for rural communities.

Way forward

To bridge the digital divide and ensure equal opportunities for children from rural households, concerted efforts are required.

This entails expanding internet infrastructure, enhancing connectivity in remote areas, and making internet services more affordable and accessible.

Universal Service Obligation Fund can be utilised. It was intended to financially support telecom services in rural and remote regions with limited commercial viability.

Public–private partnerships can play a crucial role in implementing initiatives to address these challenges, such as establishing community centers with internet access or leveraging innovative technologies like satellite-based internet connectivity.

Collaborative efforts among government agencies, educational institutions, companies with corporate social responsibility budgets, and non-profit organizations is required.

It can help develop comprehensive strategies aimed at empowering rural communities and providing them with the tools needed to succeed in the digital era.

Investing in closing the digital divide for education is particularly crucial for marginalized children in India. The private sector can play a pivotal role by investing in infrastructure, expanding connectivity, and offering affordable internet services.

Telecom companies can collaborate with governments to extend network coverage, while tech companies can support digital literacy and skills training.

Capacity–enhancement programs that combine digital literacy with entrepreneurship initiatives from marginalized communities, to leverage technology for personal and economic development.

Wi-fi hotspot pouches: Internet from a sachet

Source: The post is based on the article “Wi-fi hotspot pouches: Internet from a sachet” published in “The Indian express” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3- Infrastructure ( Digital ) & Awareness in the fields of IT

News: In this article author is talking about PM-WANI, a system in India that allows people to access the internet using local Wi-Fi hotspots. The system is cheaper and helps those who can’t afford normal internet rates. This can improve internet access in rural and poor areas of India.

About digital infrastructure transformation in India

Connectivity Boom: India has over a billion mobile connections and 4G coverage. Data cost has dropped from Rs 300 per GB to Rs 7 per GB.

Digital Transactions Rise: Due to policies like Net Neutrality and UPI, digital transactions are increasing.

Data Demand Surges: India’s monthly data consumption is 19.5 GB per person. There’s a gap between demand and supply, especially in rural areas.

Low home broadband penetration: Currently, India’s home broadband penetration stands at one of the lowest in the world, hovering at around 10 per cent.

What is PM WANI?

WANI (Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) is a concept introduced by TRAI in 2017 to create interoperable public Wi-Fi hotspots. The vision was to offer connectivity via local providers known as Public Data Offices (PDOs). Building on the success of the WANI pilot, the Indian government introduced PM-WANI, which was approved by the Union Cabinet in December 2020 to implement the WANI vision on a broader scale.

Benefits of PM-WANI:

Affordable Connectivity: With PM-WANI, over a million people are accessing unlimited Internet daily by paying just Rs 5 to 10. For comparison, students are now opting for this “sachet internet” over chips or soft drinks.

Boosting Local Economy: Local shops and households can become PDOs, setting up Wi-Fi hotspots. This not only promotes affordable internet usage but also augments their earnings.

Infrastructure Utilization: Existing infrastructure by companies like RailTel and GAIL, which is currently underused, can be effectively tapped into for PM-WANI.

Benefits for ISPs and Telcos: These major providers can sell more bandwidth by transforming their customers into retailers.

Bridging the Digital Divide: With a low home broadband penetration of around 10% in India, PM-WANI offers an opportunity to improve internet access, especially in underserved areas.

What should be done?

Promote PM-WANI: Given the successful pilot of WANI and the subsequent approval of PM-WANI in December 2020, there’s a need to actively promote this initiative. Over 1.5 lakh hotspots have been set up, benefiting millions.

Engage Stakeholders: Governments, startups, and civil society should collaborate to enhance the reach of this Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).

Capitalize on Underutilized Infrastructure: Infrastructure from companies like RailTel and GAIL should be tapped into more effectively, boosting PM-WANI’s potential in underserved areas.

What’s UP With The Ban?: Single-use plastic is still choking drains in cities

Source: The post is based on the article “What’s UP With The Ban?: Single-use plastic is still choking drains in cities. Banning it won’t work until there are cheap alternatives” published in Times of India on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)

News: In this article author says the ban on single-use plastics (SUPs) in India is not effective enough. Many small businesses still use them as alternatives are expensive. The author suggests the government should support cheaper, eco-friendly alternatives. The author also highlights that plastic waste causes floods and environmental problems.

What is single-use plastics (SUPs)?

Read here: What is Single-Use Plastic (SUP) and magnitude of its usage?

Why ban on single-use plastics (SUPs) in India is not effective enough?

1. Lack of Enforcement: State pollution boards haven’t strongly enforced the ban. For instance, despite the 2016 ban in Karnataka, SUPs still dominate in Bengaluru.
2. Limited Awareness: Many people know about the ban, but compliance is low.
3. Small Business Reliance: SUPs are essential for many small businesses due to their low cost.
4. Costly Alternatives: Eco-friendly alternatives are more expensive, making them less appealing. Like, in Hyderabad, 70% of desilted waste from water bodies is plastic.

What are the impacts of single use plastic?

1. Environmental Hazards: SUPs increase flood risks during monsoons.
2. Water Body Contamination: In Hyderabad, 70% of desilted material from water bodies is plastic.
3. Drain Blockages: Delhi and Mumbai face choked drains due to plastic garbage, affecting drainage.
4. Ocean Pollution: Mumbai’s drainage system disposes plastics into the sea, harming marine life.

What should be done?

1. Strengthen Enforcement: Ensure state pollution boards actively enforce the ban.
2. Boost Awareness: Increase efforts like in Bengaluru with awareness drives and penalties.
3. Support Small Businesses: Help them transition to affordable alternatives.
4. Promote Alternatives: Government should prioritize and fund recyclable/compostable innovations.

A big step in reducing the risk of disasters

Source: The post is based on the article “A big step in reducing the risk of disasters” published in “The Hindu” on 25th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Disaster and disaster management.

News: The author discusses how recent disasters show the need for more action on climate change. India has started a G20 group for reducing disaster risks. The group will focus on early warnings, resilient infrastructure, and funding for risk reduction. Brazil will continue this work when it leads the G20.

About Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

Duration: 2015-2030.

Goal: Reduce disaster risks and losses.

Progress: At its midpoint, efforts are underway, but more is needed.

Global Importance: Recognized as the roadmap for reducing global disaster risks.

Key Calls to Action: Enhance early warning systems, develop resilient infrastructure, and secure funding for risk reduction.

Relation to G20: Directly supported by G20 Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group’s priorities.

What are the initiatives taken by India for disaster risk reduction?

G20 Leadership: India has given high priority to disaster risk reduction during its G20 presidency.

Working Group: Established the first G20 Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group, aiming to influence global economic decisions linked to disaster risks.

Early Warning Systems: Emphasized the role of inclusive and multi-hazard early warning systems. For instances, during Cyclone Biparjoy, India’s effective warning and action systems resulted in zero deaths.

Resilient Infrastructure:

Launched the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure with the UN in 2019.

Focuses on enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure globally.

Aims to support policy development and capacity building, especially in developing countries.

Resource Allocation: India uses risk metrics to distribute resources at local levels for disaster risk reduction. This method aids in targeted and efficient resource utilization.

What additional measures should be considered?

Proactive Approach: Instead of just responding, there should be more upfront investment to prevent or reduce the impact of disasters.

G20’s Role: The G20, representing 85% of global GDP, needs to incorporate disaster risk considerations into economic decisions.

Expand Early Warning Systems:

Use disruptive technologies to enhance forecasting and cater to local needs.

Support the UN Secretary General’s goal of universal early warning coverage by 2027.

Infrastructure Resilience:

Evaluate and enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure globally.

Ensure infrastructure supports sustainable development outcomes.

Financing Strategies:

Develop new methods of funding disaster risk reduction.

Collaborate with private sectors, as many risks are generated by them.

Ecosystem-based Approaches: Scale up methods that prioritize the health of ecosystems to mitigate disaster risks.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Jammu to pioneer India’s first Cannabis Medicine Project

Source: The post is based on the article “Jammu to pioneer India’s first Cannabis Medicine Project”  published in PIB on 23rd July 2023.

What is the News?

India’s first Cannabis Medicine Project is going to be set up in Jammu.

What is a Cannabis Research Project?

Initiative of: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu.

Type: The project is under public-private partnership (PPP) with a Canadian firm.

Purpose of the project: To produce export quality drugs meant for different kinds of neuropathies, diabetic pains etc.

– To spread awareness that this substance of abuse has diverse medicinal uses especially for the patients suffering from malignancies and other diseases.

Significance: The project has the potential to produce medicines that are currently imported from foreign countries, thereby promoting indigenous production and reducing dependency on external sources.

What is Cannabis?

Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa. The major psychoactive constituent in cannabis is delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 

The Mexican term ‘marijuana’ is frequently used in referring to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.

Cannabis is by far the most widely cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug. Half of all drug seizures worldwide are cannabis seizures.

About 147 million people, 2.5% of the world population, consume cannabis (annual prevalence) compared with 0.2% consuming cocaine and 0.2% consuming opiates.

Cannabis in India: The central law that deals with cannabis (weed or marijuana) in India is the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.

– The NDPS Act prohibits the sale and production of cannabis resin and flowers, but the use of leaves and seeds of the cannabis plant is permitted, with the states having the power to regulate and form the state rules for it.

– For instance, Odisha is a state in which weed is legal in India and people commonly use ‘chillums’ to smoke weed within the state’s territory. Uttarakhand is the first state in India to allow commercial cultivation of Hemp. 

Measures to Reduce Methane Emissions

Source: The post is based on the article “Measures to Reduce Methane Emissions”  published in PIB on 24th July 2023.

What is the News?

The Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change has informed Lok Sabha about the measures the government is taking to reduce methane emissions.

What is the data on India’s methane emissions?

India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and its Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the Paris Agreement (PA). 

As a Party to the UNFCCC, India periodically submits its National Communications (NCs) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to the UNFCCC which includes national Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory containing information on methane emissions. 

As per India’s third Biennial Update Report, India’s methane emissions in 2016 (excluding LULUCF) were 409 million tone CO2e of which, 73.96% was from Agriculture sector, 14.46% from Waste sector, 10.62% from Energy sector and 0.96% was from Industrial Processes and Product Use sector.

What are the measures taken to reduce methane emissions?

National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA): It is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. It involves climate resilient practices including methane reduction practices in rice cultivation. These practices contribute to substantial reduction of methane emissions.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) under National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project has developed several technologies with mitigation potential for methane from rice such as:

–  System for Rice Intensification: This technique has potential to enhance rice yield from 36-49% with about 22-35% less water than conventional transplanted rice;

– Direct Seeded Rice: This system reduces methane emissions as it does not involve raising nurseries, puddling and transplanting. Unlike transplanted paddy cultivation, standing water is not maintained in this system and 

– Crop Diversification Programme: Methane emissions are avoided due to diversion of paddy to alternate crops like pulses, oilseeds, maize, cotton and agro forestry.

Capacity building programmes are conducted through Krishi Vigyan Kendras across the country for creating awareness on climate resilient practices.

The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) is implementing the National Livestock Mission which includes Breed Improvement and Balanced Rationing. Feeding livestock with a superior quality balanced ration is helping to reduce methane emissions from the livestock.

Government of India promotes green fodder production, silage making, chaff cutting, and total mixed ration under National Livestock Mission with a view to reduce methane emissions from livestock.

Cattle waste utilization is being incentivised through initiatives like ‘The Gobar (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) –Dhan’ scheme and New National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme.

Thirty Critical Minerals List Released

Source: The post is based on the article “Thirty Critical Minerals List Released”  published in PIB on 24th July 2023.

What is the News?

The Government of India has released a list of 30 critical minerals for India. 

What are Critical Minerals?

These are minerals that are essential for economic development and national security, and the lack of availability of these minerals or the concentration of extraction or processing in a few geographical locations could potentially lead to supply chain vulnerabilities and even disruption of supplies.

What are the 30 critical minerals list released by the government of India?

The 30 critical minerals are Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, REE, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium.

What are the other steps taken by the government of India for critical minerals?

The Geological Survey of India, an attached office of Ministry of Mines has carried out a G3 stage mineral exploration (fairly advanced) during Field Season 2020-21 and 2021-22 in Salal-Haimna areas of Reasi district, Jammu & Kashmir and estimated an inferred resource of 5.9 million tonnes of lithium ore.

A joint venture company namely Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) has been incorporated with the equity contribution from three Central Public Sector Enterprises namely, National Aluminum Company Ltd, Hindustan Copper Ltd and Mineral Exploration Company Ltd.

– The objective of KABIL is to identify and acquire overseas mineral assets of critical & strategic nature such as Lithium, Cobalt & others so as to ensure supply side assurance. KABIL has engagements with countries like Argentina, Australia etc. to acquire critical & strategic minerals assets.

India has recently been inducted into the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP), a US-led collaboration of 14 countries that aims to catalyze public and private investment in critical mineral supply chains globally. 

What does India’s first gig workers’ rights Bill stipulate?

Source: The post is based on the article “What does India’s first gig workers’ rights Bill stipulate?”  published in The Hindu on 25th July 2023.

What is the News?

The Rajasthan government has passed the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023. 

It is the first legislation of its kind in India outlining welfare schemes for the State’s approximately three lakh gig workers.

What are the key provisions of Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023?

Definition of Gig Worker: The bill defines a gig worker as a person who performs work or participates in a work arrangement and earns from such activities outside of the traditional employer-employee relationship and who works on contract that results in a given rate of payment, based on terms and conditions laid down in such contract and includes all piece-rate work.

Applies to: The Bill applies to “aggregators” (digital intermediaries connecting buyers and sellers) and “primary employers” (individual or organizations engaging platform-based workers). 

Welfare Board: The Bill proposes a Welfare Board. The Minister in charge of the Labour Department will be the chairperson of the board and at least one-third of its nominated members will be women. It will also have two members each from gig workers and aggregators to be nominated by the state government.

– The board will ensure registration of gig workers and aggregators operating in the state and establish a social security and welfare fund for gig workers. 

Fund: The Welfare Board will create a “Social Security and Welfare Fund” comprising contributions made by individual workers, State government aids, other sources and a ‘welfare cess’  a cut from each transaction which the aggregator is required to pay.

– The rate of the welfare cess will not exceed 2% nor fall short of 1% of the value of each transaction and aggregators are required to submit the amount within the first five days of a month. 

Access to schemes and grievance redressal: The Bill provides gig workers access to general and specific social security schemes and opportunity to be heard for any grievances and appropriate grievance redressal mechanism.

Aggregators duties: The aggregator’s duties under the Bill include: depositing welfare cess on time, updating the database of gig workers and documenting any variations in numbers within one month of such changes. 

– If they fail to comply, they will be fined up to ₹5 lakh for the first offence and ₹50 lakh for further violations; primary employers will pay up to ₹10,000 for the first offence and ₹2 lakh for subsequent violations.

ICMR argues for controlled human infection studies

Source: The post is based on the article “ICMR argues for controlled human infection studies”  published in The Hindu on 25th July 2023.

What is the News?

Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) Bioethics Unit has released a statement arguing for introducing controlled human infection studies (CHIS) in India.

What are Controlled human infection studies (CHIS)?

In controlled human infection studies (CHIS), healthy volunteers are intentionally exposed to pathogens in a controlled environment in order to promote understanding of the pathogenesis, transmission, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in humans.

Such studies may be conducted to gain insights into how pathogens infect human hosts and cause disease, to better understand immune responses to infection or to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines and drugs designed to prevent and treat infectious diseases. 

CHIS have a long history and have made important contributions to the treatment and prevention of many infectious diseases of global health importance.

What are the concerns related to Controlled human infection studies (CHIS)?

There are ethical and other concerns such as: 1) deliberate harm 2) possible disproportionate payment and hence inducements 3) third-party risk 4) withdrawal from the study and 4) research with vulnerable participants.

Why is ICMR Bioethics Unit arguing for Controlled human infection studies (CHIS)?

India carries a high burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. They contribute about 30% of the disease burden in the country. 

Finding novel, efficient, and cost-effective alternatives to existing methods of research in these diseases and their prevention is important to reduce this burden.

In this context, CHIS model can help provide unique insights into disease pathogenesis and can accelerate the development of novel medical interventions.

It offers accelerated, cost-effective and efficient outcomes using smaller sample sizes in comparison to large clinical trials. 

Its social value includes potential contributions to public health response to diseases of concern, healthcare decision-making, policies and economic benefits, improved pandemic preparedness, and community empowerment.

However, ICMR has also cautioned that CHIS is a highly complex area and may require collaborations at different levels between researchers, institutions, organizations and/or between different countries as right expertise may not be available with one centre/research team.

ISRO to launch PSLV-C56 carrying Singapore’s new imaging satellite

Source: The post is based on the article “ISRO to launch PSLV-C56 carrying Singapore’s new imaging satellite”  published in The Hindu on 25th July 2023.

What is the News?

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will be launching the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C56) mission.

What is the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C56) mission?

PSLV-C56 will lift off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

It will carry Singapore’s DS-SAR satellite and six other satellites.

DS-SAR satellite has been developed under a partnership between DSTA, representing the Government of Singapore and ST Engineering. 

– The satellite carries a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). 

– Once operational, the DS-SAR will support the satellite imagery requirements of various agencies within the Singapore government.

Six other satellites: The six other satellites include 1) VELOX-AM, a 23 kg technology demonstration microsatellite 2) ARCADE, an experimental satellite 3) SCOOB-II, a 3U nanosatellite with a technology demonstrator payload 4) NuLIoN by NuSpace, an advanced 3U nanosatellite enabling seamless IoT connectivity in both urban and remote locations 5) Galassia-2, a 3U nanosatellite set to orbit at low earth orbit and 6) ORB-12 STRIDER, a satellite developed under international collaboration.

FCI stops rice supply for ethanol production amid concerns over crop

Source: The post is based on the article “FCI stops rice supply for ethanol production amid concerns over crop”  published in Business Standard on 25th July 2023.

What is the News?

Food Corporation of India (FCI) has stopped the supply of rice from its depots for ethanol production.

Why has the FCI stopped the supply of rice for ethanol production?

Government had said the ban was aimed at containing inflation and to ensure adequate availability in the domestic market.

What will be the impact of this ban?

This FCI ban on supply of rice for ethanol production could impact India’s ambitious ethanol blending petrol (EBP) programme. 

For instance, about 100 distilleries across the country depend on rice from the FCI for conversion into starch, which is processed to make ethanol.

– Dual-feed distilleries use sugarcane during the season and grains during the off-season. Both of them will get impacted due to the ban.

What is Ethanol blending petrol (EBP) programme?

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OneWeb to set up India’s first ‘satellite network portal site’ in Gujarat: What is the project, its significance?

Source: The post is based on the article “OneWeb to set up India’s first ‘satellite network portal site’ in Gujarat: What is the project, its significance?”  published in Indian Express on 23rd July 2023.

What is the News?

The Gujarat government’s Department of Science and Technology (DST) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with One Web India Communications Pvt Ltd to establish a ‘satellite network portal site’ in Mehsana, Gujarat.

What is OneWeb?

OneWeb Network Access Associates Limited is a communications company that aims to build broadband satellite Internet services. The company is headquartered in London.

It is powered by a constellation of 648 low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites.

It enables high-speed, low latency connectivity for governments, businesses and communities everywhere around the world.

India’s Bharti Enterprises is a major investor in OneWeb group.

What is the MoU signed between the Gujarat government and One Web?

OneWeb will set up a  ‘satellite network portal sites’ in Mehsana, Gujarat.

OneWeb currently has 648 satellites in LEO orbiting at 1,000-1,200 km making 13 orbits per day, covering the entire globe. 

The portal site will serve as a signal and data downlink and uplink terminal or base station on the ground, an intermediary for data transmission through satellite tracking antenna systems.

With this, the portal site will aim to provide affordable connectivity to various sectors including the government, offering continuous and secure satellite internet at affordable rates nationwide. 

The setting up of this portal site will require a slew of regulatory approvals from the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) and spectrum allocation from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).

Why was Gujarat chosen for the satellite network portal site?

The decision to set up the satellite network portal site in Gujarat was based on geographical and business interests, with Gujarat’s long coastline making it suitable for maritime sector coverage.

Govt. launches Meri Maati, Mera Desh campaign

Source: The post is based on the article “Govt. launches Meri Maati, Mera Desh campaign”  published in The Hindu on 25th July 2023.

What is the News?

The Union government has launched the Meri Maati, Mera Desh campaign.

What is the Meri Maati, Mera Desh campaign?

The Meri Maati Mera Desh campaign is envisaged as a culminating event of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’ celebration of 75 years of Indian Independence.

Activities planned under the campaign:

A memorial called “Shilaphalakam” will be built in every village or panchayat across the country to pay tribute to those who laid down their lives during the freedom struggle or defence personnel who lost their lives in the line of duty to mark 75 years of Independence.

– The memorials will be inaugurated between August 9 and August 15,2023.

– A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial site, affirming their commitment to the country.

– Work for the memorial may be executed through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), leveraging local materials and resources.

Veeron Ka Vandan: It will facilitate freedom fighters, and the families of deceased freedom  fighters.

Vasudha Vandhan: It envisages every gram panchayat or village renewing “Mother Earth by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species.

Amrit Vatika: Volunteers have been tasked with collecting “mitti” — earth — from each of the panchayats or villages and bring them to the block level.From each block, a “mitti kalash”, or an urn carrying this earth, will be carried to Delhi.

– The soil from all parts of the country will be utilized to develop a unique garden, called Amrit Vatika.

In urban areas, events will be organized at local bodies, notified area councils, Cantonment Boards, and town panchayats from August 9 and 15 and in bigger municipalities and municipal corporations from August 16 to 20.

What are marine heat waves, which have gripped parts of the world’s oceans this summer?

Source: The post is based on the article “What are marine heat waves, which have gripped parts of the world’s oceans this summer?”  published in Indian Express on 24th July 2023.

What is the News?

Since April 2023, ocean temperatures have remained at record-high levels giving rise to Marine Heat Waves (MHWs) around the globe.

What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?

A marine heat wave is an extreme weather event. It occurs when the surface temperature of a particular region of the sea rises to 3 or 4 degree Celsius above the average temperature for at least five days. MHWs can last for weeks, months or even years.

What is the impact of marine heat waves on ocean life?

An increase of 3 or 4 degrees Celsius in average temperatures may not impact humans a lot.But it can be catastrophic for marine life. 

For instance, MHWs along the Western Australian coast during the summer of 2010 and 2011 caused unexpected death of many fish or other aquatic animals over a short period of time.

– Another example is when high ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005 led to a massive coral bleaching event.A 2010 study showed that more than 80% of surveyed corals had bleached and over 40 per cent of the total surveyed had died. 

– MHWs also fuel the growth of invasive alien species, which can be destructive to marine food webs.

How do marine heat waves affect humans?

Higher ocean temperatures, which are associated with MHWs, can make storms like hurricanes and tropical cyclones stronger. 

With warmer temperatures, the rate of evaporation escalates and so does the transfer of heat from the oceans to the air.When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. 

This results in more powerful winds, heavier rainfall and more flooding when storms reach the land — meaning heightened devastation for humans.

How is global warming affecting marine heat waves and oceans?

According to a 2018 study titled ‘Marine heatwaves under global warming’ due to increase in global temperatures, MHWs have become longer-lasting, more frequent and intense in the past few decades. The study has also attributed 87 percent of MHWs to human-induced warming.

Moreover, according to Copernicus Climate Change Service, oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and deforestation in recent decades.This has increased the global mean sea surface temperature by close to 0.9 degree Celsius since 1850.

Hence, as global air temperatures increase, so will ocean temperatures leading to more MHWs.

The following today’s current affairs articles have been covered in 7 PM Explained section of the day:

7 PM Editorial of the day: India Sri Lanka relations: Explained, pointwise