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History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024

Stone age and related study
May 24, 2024

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Source-This post on Stone age and related study has been created based on the article “Was the Stone Age actually the Age of Wood?” published in “Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.
Why in News?
New research suggests that the Stone Age, a longprehistoric period known for human and ancestral use of stone tools, could be just as aptly called the ‘Wood Age’.
About the new research and its findings
Source: Indian Express
1. New research from Schöningen, Germany, where wooden tools dated between 300,000 and 400,000 years old were found, suggests these weren’t just simple sticks but complex tools requiring skill and time to create.
2. The study reveals a variety of woodworking techniques such as splitting, scraping, and abrasion, indicating a sophisticated understanding of wood manipulation.
3. Thomsen’s Chronology: Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, a 19th-century Danish archaeologist, categorized human prehistory into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. This chronology, though refined, largely shapes our understanding of human technological progress.
4. The study also reveals that despite the abundance of wood as a resource, archaeological evidence of its use is scarce compared to stone, bone, and clay due to preservation issues.
5. Importance of Schöningen Findings: The site in Schöningen provided well-preserved wooden tools due to its damp, oxygen-poor soil conditions.
This discovery challenges the notion that early humans primarily used stone, highlighting a potentially greater role for wood.
Schöningen’s Insights into Early Human Behavior
Source: Indian express
1. Discovery of Spears: In the mid-1990s, archaeologist Hartmut Thieme discovered wooden spears alongside stone tools and remains of wild horses, suggesting early humans were not mere scavengers but skilled hunters.
2. Complex Tool Use: Further analysis of these tools using advanced technology like 3-D microscopy and micro-CT scanners revealed sophisticated techniques such as wood splitting, previously thought unique to modern humans.
About stone age
1. The Stone Age is a prehistoric period that spanned from about 3.4 million years ago to 12,000 years ago.
2. This era accounts for 99% of human history and is noted for the initial use of stones for tools, weapons, and fire-making by early humans.
3. This period marks the evolution from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies, including the domestication of animals and the innovation of tool usage.
Divisions of the Stone Age
1. Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age): From the first use of stone tools up to the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago.
It is characterized by a nomadic existence with groups living in caves or forests. Technological and Cultural Development Included the creation of simple stone tools and cave paintings.
2. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age): This follows the Palaeolithic, lasting from the end of the last Ice Age to the onset of agriculture. A warmer climate which supported early farming developments and the domestication of animals.
This featured more sophisticated stone tools, including the prepared-core technique, allowing the production of similarly shaped tools from the same stone.
3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): It begins with the start of farming and lasts until the introduction of metal tools, marking the beginning of the Bronze Age. Transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, forming villages and towns has been seen.
This age witnessed animal domestication, the advent of agriculture, and the creation of pottery and textiles.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

Recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques
May 20, 2024

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Source-This post on Recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques has been created based on the article “Secret behind construction of Egypt’s pyramids: What a new study reveals” published in “The Indian Express” on 20 May 2024.
Why in the news?
A recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques provides insights into how ancient Egyptians transported massive stone blocks needed for pyramid construction.
Findings of the study
Source: Indian Express
1. The study highlights the critical role of the River Nile in facilitating the construction of Egypt’s pyramids.
Researchers have identified an extinct branch of the Nile that ran adjacent to the pyramid sites, which was instrumental in moving heavy materials.
2. Discovery of the Nile Branch: The research team used radar satellite imagery, historical maps, geophysical surveys, and sediment coring to map the ancient river branch, now buried by sandstorms and a major drought.
3. The study suggests that this branch of the Nile likely served as a waterway for transporting not just stone blocks but also equipment and personnel, significantly easing the construction process.
4. The study showed that several causeways leading from the pyramids connected to inlets of this Nile branch, which may have functioned as riverine harbours.
5. The ancient Egyptians likely used large ramps, possibly greased with water or wet clay, along with sledges, sturdy ropes, and levers to move the stones from the harbours to the pyramid sites.
6. This discovery supports the theory that the logistical capabilities of the ancient Egyptians, including the use of the river’s natural flow, reduced the human labor needed and optimized the construction process of the pyramids.
7. The study also revealed about the advanced mathematical and architectural knowledge of the Egyptians, as evidenced by the precise 52-degree gradient on each side and alignments in pyramid construction.
8. The archaeological findings of well-organized living quarters, bakeries, and food remnants near the pyramids indicate that the laborers were well-provided for, and that the entire construction effort was managed by a centralized authority.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology, World History

Bharat Parva Celebration at Cannes festival
May 18, 2024

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Source-This post on Bharat Parva Celebration has been created based on the article “Bharat Parv celebration takes centerstage at Cannes Film Festival” published in “PIB” on 17 May 2024.
Why in the news?
Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has recently hosted the inaugural Bharat Parva event at the ongoing Cannes Film Festival.
About Bharat Parva Celebration
Source-PIB
Organized by-The event was organized at 77th Cannes Film Festival, by NFDC in association with FICCI under the aegis of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Major Activity-The evening featured singer Sunanda Sharma performing lively Punjabi songs, joined by emerging singers Pragati, Arjun, and Shaan’s son, Maahi. The highlight was when all the singers came together to perform “Maa Tujhe Salaam,” receiving enthusiastic applause from the audience.
What is its significance?
1) The event celebrated India’s diverse culture, cuisine, handicrafts, and cinema on the French Riviera.
2) It was marked by the celebration of cinema, culture, and artistic unity. This has showcased India’s soft power on the international platform.
3) The participation of renowned Indian actors underscored the diverse and vibrant essence of Indian cinema and its increasing influence on the international platform.
Note– Cannes Film Festival-The Festival was born in 1938 from an idea by Philippe Erlanger. Aborted by the war, the project was taken up by Jean Zay and Albert Sarrault.
Read more-Chavang Kut Festival
UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture

UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts
May 16, 2024

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Source-This post on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts is based on the article “Ramcharitmanas among 3 Indian literary works included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register: Their significance” published in “The Indian Express” on 16th May 2024.
Why in the News?
During the tenth session of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific (MOWCAP) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, three Indian literary works—Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahṛdayaloka-Locana were included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register.
About UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts
Source: The Indian express
1. Three significant Indian literary works were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register: Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahṛdayaloka-Locana.
2. Significance of the Recognized Works: These works were chosen for their global appeal and profound influence on both Indian and international audiences.
3. Specific Works and Attributes:
i) Ramcharitmanas: The Ramayana and Ramcharitmanas are widely read in Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Two versions of the Ramcharitmanas were submitted to UNESCO, one by Goswami Tulsidas and another translated into Arabic in the 18th century, demonstrating the text’s broad appeal in West Asia and beyond.
ii) Panchatantra: It was selected for its universal moral lessons.
iii) Sahṛdayaloka-Locana: It is recognized for its aesthetic significance, authored by renowned Kashmiri scholars Acharya Anandvardhan and Abhinavagupta.
About the Memory of the World (MOW) Program
1. The UNESCO Memory of the World (MOW) program is a global initiative aimed at preserving, protecting, and enhancing access to documentary heritage, particularly those collections that are rare and at risk.
2. Program Launch: It was initiated in 1992. The program’s goal is to prevent “collective amnesia” by safeguarding invaluable archives and library collections worldwide and promoting their widespread dissemination.
3. Program Significance:
i) Recognition and Registration: The program identifies documentary heritage of international, regional, and national importance maintains registers for these collections, and assigns a distinct logo to recognized collections.
ii) Access and Preservation: It ensures equitable access and preservation of documents.
iii) Awareness and Advocacy: The program actively campaigns to inform governments, the public, and the private sector about the need to preserve documentary heritage and encourages fundraising efforts for this cause.
iv) Inscription Benefits: Registering documents confirms their significance, enhances their visibility, and improves access, supporting research, education, entertainment, and ongoing preservation.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

Kutch Ajrakh

May 3, 2024

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Source- The post on Kutch Ajrakh is based on the article “Ajrakh from Kutch gets GI” published in “Economic times” on 3rd May 2024.

Why in the News?

Recently, The traditional artisans of ‘Kutch Ajrakh‘, were bestowed the Geographical Indication (GI) certificate by the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks (CGPDTM). This art form has originated from the culturally rich Kutch region in Gujarat.

This recognition serves as a testament to the exceptional artistry and cultural significance of the age-old craft practised by the artisans in the region.

About Kutch Ajrakh

Ajrakh from Kutch gets GI tag — Source: Times of India

Specifications	Details
Origin of the Art Form	The name ‘Ajrak’ finds its roots in ‘Azrak’, which denotes Indigo. Indigo is widely used as a potent dye to produce a blue hue.
Key Details of the art Form	1. The art form involves hand-block printing of elaborate designs on treated cotton fabric. 2. Natural vegetable and mineral colours are used in this printing. 3. Predominantly dominated by three colours- a. Blue– Symbolizing the sky b. Red– Symbolizing earth and fire c. White– Symbolizing the stars
Centres of practice of the art Form	The art work is predominantly practised in the Sindh, Barmer, and Kutch regions of Gujarat. Ajrakhpur is the epicenter of Ajrakh work in Gujarat.
Prominent users	Nomadic pastoralist and agricultural communities like the Rabaris, Maldharis, and Ahir’s are the prominent users of the products derived from these artform. They wear Ajrakh printed cloth as turbans, lungis, or stoles.

What is the significance of the Kutch Ajrakh?

1. Historic significance- This craft holds historical significance as it was introduced to Ajrakhpur region over 400 years back by the Sind Muslims.

2. Socioeconomic significance- Kutch Ajrakh provides a platform for artisans to showcase their craftsmanship on a global stage.

3. Promotion of Sustainability- The award of GI tag to Kutch Ajrakh will promote sustainable livelihoods within the community of weavers belonging to this region.

UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

Pahariyas tribe
April 16, 2024

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Source-This post on Pahariya tribe is based on the article “Seeds of solace” published in “Down to earth” on 15th April 2024.
Why in the News?
Jharkhand’s Pahariya tribe aims to achieve seed independence by depositing native varieties in community-led banks
About Pahariyas tribe
Source: Down to earth
1. The Pahariyas primarily reside in Jharkhand and West Bengal, with smaller populations in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha. Some of the Mal Paharia tribes also identify them as Malto, Malti, Maltu, Maler, etc
2. They are forest dwellers and mainly engage in jhum or shifting agriculture.
3. In Jharkhand, the Pahariyas are divided into two groups:
a) Mal Pahariya: These individuals inhabit the southern hills of Damin-i-koh and the southern and eastern regions of the Santhal Parganas. They belong to the Proto-Australoid race.
b) Shauria Pahariya (or Maler Paharia): This group is predominantly found in the Santhal Parganas. Historically, their main settlement was in the region of Karnataka, but today they are primarily located in the mountainous areas of Rajmahal and Santhal Pargana.
They speak Malto, their native language, which shows influences from Havli and Chharisgarhi languages.
4. Religious Practices: The Pahariyas worship deities specific to their households, clans, and villages, such as Mait, Maa, Gangadi, Sunadi, Rupadi, and Budharaj. They also believe in naturalism and worship natural objects like sun, river, mountain, tree, animal, birds,
plants and bushes.
5. Language: They speak mal Pahariya language. This language is influenced by local dialects Havli and Chharisgarhi. Their language is mixture of Santali, Bengali and Hindi.
UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news

Fort Emmanuel
April 15, 2024

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Source– This post is based on the article “Fort’ in Fort Kochi cries for conservation” published in “The Hindu” on 15th April 2024.
Why in the News?
Historians are exploring measures to preserve the laterite-brick remains of Fort Emmanuel, which the Portuguese constructed along the beachfront in 1503.
About Fort Emmanuel
Source: Kerala Tourism
1. Fort Emmanuel was built in 1503 by the Portuguese. It is one of the earliest European forts built in India.
2. It is a ruined fort located at Fort Kochi Beach in Kochi, Kerala.
3. Fort Emmanuel was a large structure that enclosed an entire township, strengthening Portuguese control in the area.
4. It remained under Portuguese rule until 1683 when it was captured by Dutch colonial forces, who destroyed Portuguese institutions.
5. The Dutch held the fort until 1795, when the British took over and by 1806, had demolished most of its walls and bastions.
6. It was a symbol of the strategic alliance between the Maharajah of Kochi and the Monarch of Portugal, after whom it was named.
7. Foreign control of Fort Kochi ceased in 1947 when India gained independence.
Portuguese strategy of building forts in coastal colonies
1. The Portuguese strategy of building forts in coastal colonies such as Fort Kochi, Goa, Kollam, Kozhikode, and Kodungalloor which were crucial for their defense.
2. These forts not only secured their colonies but also supported their naval capabilities.
3. This fortification was essential for protecting the lucrative trade in spices such as pepper, which the Portuguese exported from Kerala back to Europe.
UPSC Syllabus: History and Art & Culture

Vaikom Satyagraha

April 1, 2024

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Source-This post on Vaikom Satyagraha is based on the article “Remembering Vaikom satyagraha, a 100 years later” published in “The Indian Express” on 31st March 2024.

Why in the News?

This article talks about Vaikom Satyagraha, which began on March 30, 1924. Lasting for over 600 days, it was the first of many temple entry movements in India.

About Vaikom Satyagraha

1. First anti-caste movement:
a. The Vaikom Satyagraha in Travancore, now part of Kerala, is recognized as the first anti-caste movement.
b. This campaign aimed to challenge the caste system by opposing restrictions that barred students from depressed classes and untouchables from entering the temple.

2. Origin– The movement began and centered around Vaikom, which was part of the princely state of Travancore, near the Mahadev temple in the Kottayam district of Kerala during 1924-1925.

Background of Vaikom Satyagraha

1. During the AICC (All India Congress Committee) meeting in Kakinada in 1923, T. K. Madhavan, alongside Sardar Panikkar and KP Kesava Menon, presented a petition to the Travancore legislative council.

2. The petition advocated for granting the right to temple entry and worship of gods to all members of society, regardless of caste, creed, or community.

3. Beginning of the Movement– It was launched on 30th March 1924.

4. Prominent Satyagrahis– Kunjappy, Venniyll Govinda Panicker, and Bahuleyan

5. Support to the movement:
a. ‘Periyar’ E.V. Ramasamy was asked to lead the campaign.
b. Sikhs from Punjab, known as Akalis, supported by opening a community kitchen (langar) for the volunteers.
c. Chattampi Swamikal and Sree Narayana Guru supported the movement.
d. Mahatma Gandhi arrived at Vaikom in March 1925 to negotiate a compromise and resolve the issue definitively.

Significance of Vaikom Satyagraha

1. The movement set the stage for the significant Temple Entry Proclamation (1936) by the Maharaja of Travancore, which abolished the longstanding prohibition on marginalized castes entering temples in Travancore.

2. The Vaikom Satyagraha was a testing ground for the Gandhian principles of Satyagraha. It was tested and proved as the most effective means for the first time.

3. This movement were helped in establishing equal rights and curbing discrimination against Scheduled Castes in Indian Society.

UPSC Syllabus- History in news

Record 60 traditional Indian products receive GI tag

April 1, 2024

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Source-This post on Record 60 traditional Indian products receive GI tag is based on the article “Over 60 products from across India earn GI tags” published in “The Hindu” on 31st March 2024.

Why in the News?

Recently, over 60 products from across India have been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. This marks the first instance of such a large number of products being granted the GI tag at once.

Key products awarded the GI tag

States	Products
Assam	1. Asharikandi terracotta craft 2. Pani Meteka craft 3. Sarthebari metal craft 4. Jaapi (bamboo headgear) 5. Mishing handloom products 6. Bihu dhol 7. Bodo Dokhona (the traditional attire of Bodo women) 8. Bodo Eri silk ( fabric of peace or ahimsa (non-violence)) 9. Bodo Sifung (a long flute)
Uttar Pradesh	Banaras Thandai
Tripura	1. Pachra-Rignai, (a traditional dress worn on special occasions) 2. Matabari Peda (a sweet)
Meghalaya	1. Meghalaya Lyrnai Pottery 2. Meghalaya Chubitchi

What is a GI tag?

1. About- Geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign which is used to identify products originating from a specific geographical location and that location gives it a distinct quality, characteristic.

2. Regulation– The GI tags are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. They are issued by the Geographical Indication Registry, which operates under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3. Significance– A geographical indication right enables those who have the right to use the indication to prevent its use by a third party whose product does not conform to the applicable standards.

UPSC Syllabus- Geography & Art & Culture

900-year-old Chalukyan inscription
March 28, 2024

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Source-This post on 900-year-old Chalukyan inscription900-year-old Chalukyan inscription is based on the article “900-year-old Chalukyan inscription discovered in state of utter neglect at Gangapuram” published in “The Hindu” on 24th March 2024.
Why in the News?
A 900-year-old Kannada inscription from the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty has been found at Gangapuram, a temple town, in Telangana.
About the Chalukyas of Kalyani:
Source: Geeksforgeeks
About Chalukya Dynasty
1. The Chalukya dynasty ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties:
i) Badami Chalukyas: The earliest Chalukyas, with their capital at Badami (Vatapi) in Karnataka. They rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II and began to assert their independence after the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi.
ii) Eastern Chalukyas: They emerged in the eastern Deccan after the death of Pulakeshin II. Their capital was Vengi, and they ruled until about the 11th century.
iii) Western Chalukyas: They were the descendants of the Badami Chalukyas. They emerged in the late 10th century and ruled from Kalyani (modern-day Basavakalyan).
About Kalyani Chalunkyas
1. Dynasty and Capital:
a) The Chalukyas of Kalyani belong primarily to a Kannadiga dynasty, also known as western chalukyas. They were known after their capital city, Kalyani, which is present in the modern-day Bidar district of Karnataka.
2. Establishment and Expansion:
a) The empire was established by Tailapa II.
b) During their 300-year rule in the western Deccan and southern part of the Indian peninsula, the Chalukyas of Kalyani expanded and reached the zenith of power.
3. The most successful period of the later Chalukya rulers in Karnataka’s history is often referred to as the ‘Chalukya Vikrama era’.
4. Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE) played a crucial role during this time. He controlled feudatories in the northern region, including Kadamba Jayakesi II of Goa, Silhara Bhoja, and the Yadava King.
6. Decline:
a) After Vikramaditya VI’s death, consistent confrontations with the Chola dynasty led to the decline of the Western Chalukya empire.
7. Art and architecture:
a) The Chalukyas contributed significantly to the development of Kannada and Telugu literature.
b) Their architecture, known as the ‘Gadag style, bridged the gap between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the Hoysala architecture of the 13th century.
c) The Western Chalukyas minted punch-marked gold coins called pagodas with Kannada legends.
d) Temples built during their rule are abundant in detailed carvings and ornate sculptures, featuring themes like kirtimukha makaras, and mithuna (erotic) figures.

UPSC Syllabus: History

Delisting of lost monument by ASI

March 27, 2024

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Source-This post on Delisting of lost monument by ASI has been created based on the article “ASI will delist some lost monuments, here’s why ” published in “The Indian Express” on 26 March 2024.

Why in the news?

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has decided to declassify 18 monuments from protected status. This is because the national significance of monuments have diminished.

What are Centrally protected Monuments?

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) 1958 regulates the preservation of monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.

It protects monuments and sites that are more than 100 years old. This includes temples, cemeteries, inscriptions, tombs, forts, palaces, step-wells, rock-cut caves, and even objects like cannons and mile pillars (“kos minars”) that may be of historical significance.

What does the “delisting” of monuments mean?

It refers to the removal of certain specific monuments and archaeological sites from the list of protected sites maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Impact of delisting–

1) When a monument is delisted, it will not fall under the purview of the ASI for conservation, protection, and maintenance.

2) The monument will not receive special attention or protection from the ASI.

3) Construction-related activities that were previously restricted around the protected site can now be carried out.

What is the process of delisting?

1) Gazette notification-It involves a decision by the Central Government, which issues a gazette notification declaring that the monument has ceased to be of national importance.

2) Public feedback– A gazette notification invites public objections or suggestions within 2 months regarding the delisting of these monuments.

About Archaeological Survey of India

Aspect	Details
Description	It is a premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
Year of establishment	1861 by Alexander Cunningham. He was the first Director-General of ASI.
Concerned ministry	Ministry of Culture
Functions	1) It is custodian of all Centrally Protected Monuments (CPM) in India. 2) It maintains ancient monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance. 3) It regulates all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the- a) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. b) Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972. c) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) (Amendment) Act, 2010
Conservation measures in foreign countries	1) Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan 2) Ta Prohm and Preah Vihear temples in Cambodia 3) My Son Group of Temples in Vietnam 4) Friday Mosque in Maldives

Note-India has a total of 3,693 Centrally Protected Monuments or Sites.
Uttar Pradesh having the largest number in the country at 743, followed by Tamil Nadu which has 412.

Untraceable monument-It means that the physical location of the monument cannot be determined or verified.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture

Usha Mehta-Indian Freedom Fighter

March 23, 2024

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Source-This post on Usha Mehta-Indian freedom fighter is based on the article “Ae Watan Mere Watan: The story of Usha Mehta and Congress Radio” published in “The Indian Express” on 22nd March 2024.

Why in the News?

The film “Ae Watan Mere Watan,” centered on the life of Indian freedom fighter Usha Mehta, has recently been released.

About Usha Mehta

1. Birth– Usha Mehta was born in 1920 in the village of Saras, near Surat in Gujarat.

2. Mahatma Gandhi follower– She followed Gandhi’s principles and was often called Ushaben.

3. Role in Indian Freedom struggle:
a. When she was eight years old in 1928, she joined a protest march against the Simon Commission.
b. On August 14, 1942, she and her associates set up the Secret Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement, which began broadcasting on August 27.

4. Awarded Padma Vibhushan– In 1998, the Government of India honored her with the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award in the country.

Setting up an underground station

Background– When the World War II began in 1939, the British suspended all amateur radio licenses across their Empire. Operators were required to surrender all equipment to the authorities, facing severe punishment if they didn’t comply.

1. Congress radio station creation– Congress Radio was created during the Quit India Movement to spread the message of Independence, making it one of India’s earliest radio networks. It was used by Gandhiji to promote Independence.

2. Organisers– Usha Mehta, along with Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, and Chandrakant Jhaveri, played vital roles in organizing Congress Radio.

3. End to Congress Radio- To evade detection by the British, they regularly changed transmission locations. The operation was exposed when Nariman Printer was captured; he revealed the location of Congress Radio in exchange for immunity.

4. Congress Radio case:
a. The trial of the five accused— Usha Mehta, Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, Chandrakant Jhaveri, and Nanak Gainchand Motwane (who sold essential equipment to the team)— stirred considerable excitement in Bombay.
b. Vithalbhai and Motwane were cleared of charges, while Mehta, Babubhai, and Chandrakant received harsh sentences.
c. Usha Mehta was freed from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946 and is celebrated in nationalist media as “Radio-ben“.

Quit India Movement

1. It was also known as the August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan, and it was a major act of civil disobedience.

2. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan, also known as August Kranti Maidan, in Bombay.

3. The “Do or Die” slogan given by Mahatma Gandhi at Bombay’s Gowalia Tank Maidan.

UPSC Syllabus- History in news

Gulaal Gota: Jaipur’s traditional method for celebrating the Holi festival
March 23, 2024

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Source-This post on Gulaal Gota: Jaipur’s traditional method for celebrating the Holi festival is based on the article “Explained: On Holi, a look at Jaipur’s traditional celebrations with ‘Gulaal Gota’” published in “The Indian Express” on 22nd March 2024.
Why in the News?
As Holi approaches on March 25th this year, Jaipur, Rajasthan will continue its age-old tradition. The celebration involves “Gulaal Gota,” a unique practice dating back around 400 years, which includes throwing colors.
What is a Gulaal Gota?
Source- Twocircles.net
A Gulaal Gota is a small ball made of lac, filled with dry gulaal, weighing about 20 grams. People throw these balls at each other during Holi, and they break upon impact.
Method of Making
1. Boiling of Lac in water– Local artisans explain that crafting Gulaal Gotas begins with boiling lac in water to soften it.
2. Mixing of colours– Once the lac is shaped, color is mixed in, starting with red, yellow, and green, which can be combined to create additional colors.
3. Carved in to spherical shape– Once processed, artisans heat the lac and use a blower called “phunkni” to blow it into spherical shapes. Afterward, the balls are filled with gulaal and sealed with lac.
Note– Lac is a resinous substance produced by specific insects and is also utilized in bangle making.
Where does the raw material for Gulaal Gota come from?
1. Lac is sourced from Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, where the female scale insect serves as one of the primary sources.
2. According to the Chhattisgarh State Skill Development Authority’s website, approximately 300,000 insects are killed to produce 1 kg of lac resin. The lac insects also provide resin, lac dye, and lac wax.
How did Gulaal Gotas become a tradition in Jaipur?
1. Muslim lac artisans, known as Manihaars, exclusively craft Gulaal Gotas in Jaipur.
2. The ancestors of the Manihaars were shepherds and horse traders from Afghanistan. They settled in Bagru, near Jaipur, and learned lac-making from Hindu lac makers, known as Lakhere.
3. Jaipur, founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II, a patron of the arts, has a lane in Tripoliya Bazaar named “Manihaaron ka Raasta” dedicated to the Manihaar community. This lane remains a hub for selling lac bangles, jewelry, and Gulaal Gota to this day.
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture

Pandavula Gutta- Geo-heritage site
March 18, 2024

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Source-This post on Pandavula Gutta is based on the article “‘Pandavula Gutta designated exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana’” published in “The Hindu” on 14th March 2024.
Why in the News?
Pandavula Gutta has recently gained official recognition as the exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana.
What is Pandavula Gutta?
Source- The Hindu
1. About– It is an ancient geological marvel older than the Himalayas.
2. Location– It is located in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district in Telangana.
3. Discovery– The discovery of this site dates back to 1990.
4. Features:
a. The site is rich in paintings, rock shelters, and evidence of habitation, spanning from the Mesolithic to medieval periods.
b. The paintings exhibit geometric designs and impressions using green, red, yellow, and white pigments.
c. The rock art paintings show animals such as bison, antelope, tiger, and leopard. They also feature shapes like the swastika symbol, circles, squares, as well as weapons like bows, arrows, swords, and lances.
What are Geo-heritage sites?
1. About– Geo-heritage encompasses geological features that hold either intrinsic or cultural importance. It provides valuable insights into the Earth’s evolution or history for earth science or educational purposes.
2. Designated by– Geological Survey of India (GSI)
3. Protection– India, a member of the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, safeguards these sites with appropriate laws, following global standards.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

Kochrab Ashram
March 14, 2024

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Source- The post on Kochrab Ashram is based on the article “Modi inaugurates redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Gujarat, Gandhi’s first home after returning to India” published in “The Print” on 12th March 2024.
What is the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat to mark the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March.
About Kochrab Ashram
Source: The Print
1. About:
i) Kochrab ashram is located in Kochrab village, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
ii) It is the first ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi upon his return to India from South Africa in 1915.
iii) It is also called as Satyagraha Ashram based on his ideas of achieving India’s independence from British rule through peaceful methods.
2. History:
i) Upon returning to India from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi initiated his association with Ahmedabad.
ii) In 1915, he settled in Ahmedabad emphasizing that as a Gujarati, he could best serve the country through the Gujarati language.
iii) On May 20, 1915, Gandhi took up residence in a bungalow located in Kochrab village later renamed it as Satyagraha Ashram.
iii) The bungalow was generously provided by Jeevanlal Desai who was a fellow lawyer and colleague of Gandhi.
iv) Mahatma Gandhi based himself here for about one-and-a-half years before moving to the new campus of Sabarmati Ashram.
3. Appearance: It is a colonial-style building with a white-washed façade.
4. Significance: The ashram holds a historical significance:
i) The ashram also served as the starting point for Gandhi’s advocacy of khadi, equality for the poor, Hindi as the national language, self-reliance, and independence.
ii) It also served as a communal living space promoting self-improvement and community service.
Read more: Sabarmati ashram
UPSC Syllabus: History and Art & Culture in News

Gorsam Kora Festival
March 13, 2024

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Source-This post on Gorsam Kora Festival has been created based on the article “Arunachal’s Gorsam Kora Festival celebrates India-Bhutan friendship” published in “India Today” on 10 March 2024.
Why in the news?
The Gorsam Kora Festival which takes place every year in Zemithang valley of Arunachal Pradesh has concluded on March 10.
About Gorsam Kora Festival
Source-The Economic Times
Location– It is held annually in Arunachal Pradesh’s Zemithang valley.
History– The festival is centred around the 93-foot tall stupa – ‘Gorsam Chorten’. This stupa was built in the 13th century. The 3-day event starts with prayers at the revered Khinzemane Holy Tree which is believed to be planted by the 14th Dalai Lama.
Organized by– It is organized by Zemithang community in collaboration with civil authorities and supported by local Indian Army Units.
What is the significance of this festival?
1) It honours the shared Buddhist cultural heritage and celebrates the longstanding friendship between India and Bhutan.
2) The festival featured various events, including cultural performances by local troupes and Indian army bands, as well as martial performances like Mallakhamb and Zanjh Pathaka.
3) Zemithang valley is also part of the Vibrant Village Programme. Under the Vibrant Village Programme, there will be enhancement of tourist infrastructure. This will transform Zemithang valley to a thriving tourist destination.
UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture.

Rupa Tarakasi- GI Tag
March 8, 2024

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Source- The post on Rupa Tarakasi is based on the article “Odisha: Cuttack city’s silver filigree receives geographical indication tag” published in “The Telegraph” on 4th March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Orissa’s famous silver filigree Rupa Tarakasi got a GI tag.
About Rupa Tarakasi
Deccan Herald
1. About: Rupa Tarakasi is one of the most exquisite silver crafts, practised in the Silver City of Cuttack, Odisha.
2. Origin: The art form has a rich history, dating back as far as the 12th century, and it received considerable patronage under the Mughals. It changed its form with change in ruler.
3. Influence– The craft resembles filigree traditions from places such as Arabia, Malta, Genoa, and ancient Greece, suggesting long-standing cultural exchanges.
3. Process:
i) In this work of craft, silver bricks are transformed into thin fine wires called tara or foils, from which silver filigree is made with all designs called kasi.
ii) While different grades of silver are used in the main metal alloy, the craftsmen also use other metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and tin.
iii) The skilled artisans involved in this filigree work are known as “Rupa Banias” or “Roupyakaras” in Odia.
iv) They create various items, including jewellery worn by Odissi dancers, decorative artefacts, accessories, and religious and cultural pieces.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

Majuli Masks GI Tag
March 8, 2024

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Source- The post on Majuli Masks is based on the article “GI tag for Majuli masks of Assam: History, cultural significance of the centuries-old art form” published in “Indian Express” on 7th March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Assam’s traditional Majuli masks got a GI tag.
About Majuli masks
Source- The Indian Express
1) About: These are handmade masks that are traditionally used to depict characters in bhaonas, or theatrical performances with devotional messages under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition.
Note: Majuli is the largest river island in the world and the seat of Assam’s neo-Vaishnavite tradition. Neo-Vaishnavite tradition was introduced by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta Sankardeva.
2) Characterstics:
i) The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons, animals and birds. Ravana, Garuda, Narasimha, Hanuman, Varaha Surpanakha all feature among the masks.
iii) Sizes:
(a) Mukh mukha: They cover just the face, and it is made in around five days.
(b) Cho mukha: They cover the whole head and body of the performer and takes up to one-and-a-half months to be made.
iii) Material used: The masks are made of bamboo, clay, dung, cloth, cotton, wood and other materials available in the riverine surroundings of their makers.
3. Traditional practitioners are working to take the art out of their traditional place in sattras, or monasteries, and give them a new, contemporary life.
About Sattras
1. Sattras are monastic institutions established by Srimanta Sankardev and his disciples as centres of religious, social and cultural reform.
2. Presently, Sattras are also centres of traditional performing arts such as borgeet (songs), xattriya (dance) and bhaona (theatre), which are an integral part of the Sankardev tradition.
3. Majuli has 22 sattras, and the patent application states that the mask-making tradition is by and large concentrated in four of them — Samaguri Sattra, Natun Samaguri Sattra, Bihimpur Sattra and Alengi Narasimha Sattra.
About Majuli manuscript painting
1. It is a form of painting originated in the 16th century.
2. It is done on sanchi pat, or manuscripts made of the bark of the sanchi or agar tree, using homemade ink.
3. The earliest example of an illustrated manuscript is said to be a rendering of the Adya Dasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese by Srimanta Sankardev.
4. This art was patronised by the Ahom kings. It continues to be practised in every sattra in Majuli.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

Risa Textile- GI Tag
March 6, 2024

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Source- The post on Risa Textile is based on the article “Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘risa’ gets GI tag: CM Manik Saha” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘Risa’ got GI tag.
About Risa
Indian express
1. About Risa: It is a traditionally handwoven cloth used as a female upper garment, and also as headgear, a stole, or a present to express respect.
2. Origin of the attire: The Tripuri attire is believed to have existed before the rule of the Manikya kings, who reigned over Tripura for over 500 years from the 15th century.
3. Risa is common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities of Tripura. Each community has its own design. The traditional Tripuri female attire consists of three parts — risa, rignai and rikutu.
4. Rignai is primarily worn as the lower garment and literally means ‘to wear’. It is an indigenous variety of the sari of mainland India.
5. Rituku is mainly used as a wrap, or like a ‘chunri’ or a ‘pallu’ of the Indian saree. It is also used to cover the heads of newly married Tripuri women.
7. Significance: It hold scrucial social, cultural and religious significance in Tripura:
i) Social Significance: Risa has a crucial social and religious significance as adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called Risa Sormani, at age 12 to 14.
ii) Religious significance: The risa is used in religious festivals such as Garia Puja by tribal communities, a turban by men during weddings and festivals, a cummerbund over the dhoti.
iii) It is also used as a headscarf by young girls and boys, and as a muffler during winters. The cloth is also used as a makeshift hanger to hold an infant on mothers’ backs.
iv) It is presented as a mark of honour to distinguished recipients.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna
February 29, 2024

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Source-This post on Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna is based on the article “Is Lord Krishna’s Dwarka under water? The many legends, traces of a lost city” published in “The Indian Express” on 29th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently participated in underwater prayers at ‘Dwarka Nagari’, a place believed to be the kingdom of Lord Krishna. Lost city of Dwarka
About Dwarka
Source- The Indian Express
1. It is located on the western side of the State of Gujrat.
2. The submerged city of Dwarka has been the focus of marine excavations and research endeavors.
3. It is one of Hinduism’s seven sacred cities (Sapt Puris). Dwarka is believed to have been reclaimed from the sea by Lord Krishna after he relocated from Mathura in Uttar Pradesh to Dwarka in Gujarat.
4. In the Vishnu Purana, mentions indicate that Dwarka was a city adorned with stunning gardens, moats, ponds, and palaces
5. Legend holds that Dwarka was submerged under the Arabian Sea as Lord Krishna departed from the world, marking the beginning of the Kali Yuga.
Present day Dwarka
1. It is a coastal town situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Kutch, facing the Arabian Sea.
2. It serves as a significant point along the Krishna pilgrimage route, connecting Vrindavan, Mathura, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, and Puri.
3. Dwarka is renowned for its 13th-century Dwarkadheesh temple, devoted to Lord Krishna.
4. It is one of 12 heritage cities chosen nationwide by the Government of India for civic infrastructure development under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme.
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture in news/ Places in news

Sudarshan Setu
February 26, 2024

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Source-This post on the Sudarshan Setu has been created based on the article “PM inaugurates Sudarshan Setu connecting Okha mainland and Beyt Dwarka island in Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 25th Feb 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the Sudarshan Setu bridge in Gujarat.
Source- Press Trust of India
About Sudarshan Setu
1. About- ‘Sudarshan Setu’ is the country’s longest cable-stayed bridge.
2. Location- It is on the Arabian Sea, connecting Beyt Dwarka island to mainland Okha in Gujarat’s Devbhumi Dwarka district.
3. Features:
a. It has a unique design, featuring a footpath adorned with verses from Srimad Bhagavad Gita and images of Lord Krishna on both sides.
b. The bridge is energy efficient as solar panels installed on the bridge will provide electricity for the illumination of the bridge at night.
c. The bridge is 2.32 km in length which, includes 900 metres of central double span cable-stayed portion.
c. The bridge was earlier known as ‘Signature Bridge‘. It has now been renamed as ‘Sudarshan Setu‘ or Sudarshan Bridge.
4. Significance-
a. Beyt Dwarka is an island near Okha port, which is nearly 30 km from Dwarka town, where the famous Dwarkadhish temple of Lord Krishna is situated.
b. Earlier, the devotees visiting the temple at Beyt Dwarka could travel only during the day by boat. However, after the construction of the bridge, they can now travel at all times.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Miscellaneous

Sant Ravidas
February 26, 2024

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Source-This post on Sant Ravidas has been created based on the article “Prime Minister pays tributes to Sant Ravidas on his birth anniversary“published in “PIB” on 26 February 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the statue of Sant Ravidas in Varanasi and offered floral tribute on the occasion of his 647th birth anniversary.
About Sant Ravidas
Source- Jagran
1. About
a. Guru Ravidas was a mystic poet saint of the Bhakti Movement from the 15th and 16th centuries, and founded the Ravidassia religion.
b. He was a revered poet and a renowned philosopher.
2. Birth- He was born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur in Uttar Pradesh. His place of birth is now known as Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan.
3. Life history:
a. Despite belonging to a community whose initial occupation was in leatherwork, Ravidas shifted his focus to spiritual pursuits, spending much of his time on the banks of the Ganges.
b. Throughout his life, he associated with Sufi saints, sadhus, and ascetics.
c. At the age of 12, Ravidas was married to Lona Devi, and they had a son named Vijay Dass.
3. Teachings and Works:
a. Since his birth, Guru Ravidas devoted his life to advocating for human rights and equality.
b. A few of his compositions were also included in Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
c. He is one of the most famous personalities of the nirguna sampradaya (sant parampara) and was one of the prominent leaders of the North Indian Bhakti movement.
d. He also became a symbol of opposition to untouchability in society by the higher caste people for lower caste people.
e) Sant Guru Ravidas Jayanti is hugely observed in the Northern part of India including Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana.
About Guru Ravidas Jayanti
a. Sant Ravidas Jayanti or birthday anniversary is celebrated every year on Magh Purnima on full moon day of Magh month.
b. On this special day, a ceremony of Nagar Kirtan procession is performed by people with the chants of mantras during Aarti.
c. Music, songs, and Doha are sung in the temples located on the streets.
d. Some of the followers and devotees also perform the ceremony of holy bath in the Ganga River or other holy places then go to worship his image at home or in a temple.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture, Personalities in News

Badami Chalukya
February 24, 2024

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Source-This post on Badami Chalukya has been created based on the article “Badami Chalukya temples, writing found in Nalgonda“published in “THE TIMES OF INDIA” on 23 February 2024.
Why in the news?
Two Badami Chalukya temples, at least 1,300-1,500 years old and a 1,200-year-old label inscription have been recently discovered in Mudimanikyam village along the banks of Krishna.
Source- Wikipedia
About Badami Chalukyas
1) Origin– Pulakesi I established the Chalukya dynasty in 550. He took Vatapi (Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital.
Historians refer to Pulakesi I and his descendants as the Chalukyas of Badami.
2) Art and Architecture– It saw the evolution and proliferation of a new style of architecture known as Vesara, a combination of the South Indian and the North Indian building styles.
The rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Badami, and Aihole are the most celebrated monuments
3) Coinage– Their coins had Nagari and Kannada legends. They minted coins with symbols of temples, lion or boar facing right, and the lotus.
4) Religion– They initially followed Vedic Hinduism. Later, from the time of Vikramaditya I, the people took an inclination towards Shaivism, and sects like Pashupata, Kapalikas, and Kalamukhas emerged.
They also patronised Jainism. For ex- Badami cave temples and other Jain temples in the Aihole complex signifies their religious faith.
What was the governance structure of Badami Chalukyas?
1) Defence–
A) The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephant corps, and a powerful navy.
B) Hiuen-Tsang mentioned the Chalukya army that had hundreds of elephants, which were intoxicated with liquor prior to the battle.
C) Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term Karnatabala to refer to their powerful armies.
2) Taxation– The government levied taxes called Herjunka, Kirukula, Bilkode, and Pannaya.
3) Administrative division– The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rashtrakas (Mandala), Vishaya (district), Bhoga (group of ten villages).
4) Local governance– Groups of mahajanas (learned brahmins) looked after agraharas. Agraharas were the place of higher learning.
There were many autonomous regions which were ruled by feudatories like Alupas, Gangas, Banas, and Sendraka.
Read more about- Chalukya dynasty
UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture

Rani Chennamma

February 23, 2024

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Source-This post on Rani Chennamma is based on the article “How Rani Chennamma’s revolt against the British inspired a national campaign for women’s rights” published in “The Indian Express” on 20th February 2024.

Why in the News?

To commemorate the 200th anniversary of Rani Chennamma’s rebellion against the British, various social groups across the country are organizing a national campaign called “Naanoo Rani Chennamma” (I am Rani Chennamma too).

The campaign aims to empower women to oppose patriarchal, anti-democratic, and casteist forces in the country, inspired by Rani Chennamma’s legacy of bravery and defiance.

About Rani Chennamma

1. About:
a. Rani Chennamma was an Indian freedom fighter and Rani of the Kittur, a former princely state in Karnataka.
b. She led the Kittur revolt of 1824, which stands as one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles against British rule in India.

2. Birth– She was born on October 23, 1778, in Kagati, a small village in Belagavi district of Karnataka.

3. Marriage– She married Raja Mallasarja of Kittur at 15 and played a crucial role in defending her kingdom after his death.

4. Struggle against the British:
a. She initiated a rebellion against the British in 1824 after they declined to acknowledge her adopted son as the successor according to the ‘doctrine of lapse‘.
b. Although she was initially successful, the British captured Kittur Fort in their third attempt in December 1824, resulting in Rani Chennamma’s imprisonment and eventual death in 1829.

5. Significance– Her brave resistance to colonial oppression has made her a symbol in Karnataka’s political imagination and an important figure in Indian history.

What is Doctrine of Lapse?

1. The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1859.

2. Under the doctrine, the ruler of an independent state died childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign.

3. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856.

4. However, it was not solely his invention. The East India Company had annexed Kittur in 1824, Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 by imposing a ‘doctrine of lapse’.

Additional Facts:
About Kittur Utsav:
a. Kittur Utsav is a three-day festival which celebrates the Queen Rani Chennamma’s victory over East India’s company in 1824.
b. The festival organizes sports, cultural programmes and lectures by resource persons on the kingdom of Rani Channamma.

UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture/Personalities in news

Shompen Tribe

February 22, 2024

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Source-This post on Shompen Tribe has been created based on the article “Great Nicobar: Indian president visits island as fears grow for tribe” published in “BBC NEWS” on 21 February 2024.

Why in the news?

India’s president recently visited an island earmarked for multi-billion-dollar development. As per some experts, the project could wipe out the indigenous Shompen tribe.

About Shompen Tribes

Aspects	Details
Description	The Shompen or Shom Pen are the indigenous people of the interior of Great Nicobar Island. They are a designated as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group within the list of Scheduled Tribe.
Characteristics	1) Nature-They are one of the most isolated tribes on Earth. Most of them are uncontacted, refusing all interactions with outsiders. 2) Livelihood-They are semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers, and their main sources of livelihood are hunting, gathering, fishing, and a little bit of horticultural activities in a rudimentary form. 3) Food-They collect a wide variety of forest plants, but their staple food is the pandanus fruit, which they call larop.
Population	According to the Census (2011), the estimated population of Shompen is 229.
Language	They speak their own language, which has many dialects. Members of one band do not understand the dialect of the other.
Social structure	1) They have nuclear families comprising husband, wife, and their unmarried children. 2) The family is controlled by the eldest male member, who controls all activities of the women and kids. 3) Monogamy is the general rule, although polygamy is allowed too.

Some other important tribes of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Source- Reseach Gate

Tribes	Location
Andamanese	Strait island
Jarawas	Middle and south Andaman
Nicobarese	Great Nicobar
Onges	Little Nicobar
Sentinelese	Sentinel island

Morodharo- A Harappan settlement near Dholavira

February 21, 2024

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Source-This post on Morodharo- A Harappan settlement near Dholavira has been created based on the article “Kutch villagers’ treasure hunt helps unearth Harappan site near Dholavira” published in “The Times of India” on 20 February 2024.

Why in the news?

Archaeologists have recently discovered a Harappan-era fortified settlement named Morodharo near Dholavira.

About Morodharo

Aspect	Details
Description	It is a fortified settlement dating back to the Harappan-era.
Location	Kutch District, Gujarat
Features	1) The settlement looks mature (2,600-1,900BCE) to late (1,900-1,300 BCE) Harappan. 2) Burial cairns, which are mounds of stones to demarcate a boundary, are also found here. 3) Harappan pottery with perforated jar sherds, reserved slipware, and terracotta cakes were unearthed. 4) All these items have a striking resemblance to those found in Dholavira.
Significance	As per archaeologist, this site and Dholavira both were dependent on the sea. This suggests the presence of navigable waters near Rann of Kutch in ancient times.

Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found

February 16, 2024

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Source-This post on Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found is based on the article “Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed near Ulundurpet” published in “The New Indian Express” on 14th February 2024.

Why in the News?

Recently, archaeologists unearthed an eighth-century Kotravai sculpture, an artifact dating back to the Pallava period, near Ulundurpet, Tamil Nadu.

What does the discovery suggest?

1. It is crafted from slab stone during the eighth century Pallava period.

2. The sculpture portrays items like chakkara, sword, bell, and abhaya mudra in its right hands, while the left hands display a conch, bow, shield, and Uru Mudhra, along with bangles in all hands.

What are the significant details regarding the Pallava Dynasty?

Aspect	Details
About	1. The Pallava Dynasty was a prominent force in South India that existed between the 3rd and 9th Centuries. 2. They governed northern Tamil Nadu, sections of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, with Kanchipuram as their capital.
Origin	1. They were earlier feudatories of Andhra Satavahanas. 2. Following the decline of the Andhra Satavahanas in Amaravati, the Pallavas gained autonomy and grew independent 3. They gradually moved southward and established their capital in Kanchipuram during the 4th century CE.
Foreign Traveler Account	1. Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, who visited Kanchipuram during the Pallava era, praised their kind rule. 2. He portrayed Bodhidharma, the founder of the Chan (Zen) school of Buddhism in China, as a prince of the Pallava empire.
Notable Kings	During the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 – 668 CE), the Pallava realm experienced increased wealth and strength.
Architecture	1. The Pallava Dynasty was renowned for their contributions to Dravidian architecture, particularly in temple construction. 2. They played a pivotal role in shifting from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. 3. Mahabalipuram, a significant hub of art, architecture, and literature during Pallava rule, showcases their remarkable achievements. 4. Narasimhavarman II commissioned the construction of the Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram and the Shore Temple.
Religion	They embraced Shaivism, a local religion, and identified as Dravidians.
Combat	1. The Pallava Dynasty engaged in persistent battles with the Chalukya Dynasty to the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas to the south. 2. Their conflicts with the Chalukyas of Badami persisted until they were eventually subdued by the Chola kings in the 8th century CE.
Decline	1. The rise of the Rashtrakutas led to the decline of the Pallava Dynasty. 2. In 897 AD, Vijayalaya, the Chola King, defeated Aparajitavarman, the last Pallava King, completely.

UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture

BAPS Mandir- Abu Dhabi UAE
February 13, 2024

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Source-This post on BAPS Mandir- Abu Dhabi UAE has been created based on the article “BAPS Mandir: Abu Dhabi’s first Hindu temple to be inaugurated by PM Modi on Feb 14” published in “INDIA TODAY” on 13 February 2024.
Why in the news?
The Prime Minister will inaugurate the BAPS Mandir (Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Mandir), the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi.
About the BAPS Mandir (Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Mandir)
Source-Wikipedia
Location– It is located at Abu Mureikhah, which is near Al Rahba.
Type– It is built in traditional Nagar style of architecture.
Size- It has an astounding 402 pillars, meticulously carved from 25,000 stone pieces. The temple stands tall at 108 feet, being crowned with seven shikhars (spires) each representing one of the seven emirates of the UAE.
Material used– Pink Rajasthan sandstone, white Italian marble and 18 lakh bricks.
Entrance– The entrance of the temple is marked by eight murtis (idols). These idols symbolise the eight values foundational to Sanatana Dharma.
Domes– Temple is surrounded by ‘Dome of Harmony’ and ‘Dome of Peace’.
Shrines–
1) The temple houses seven shrines, each dedicated to different deities hailing from the North, East, West and South parts of India.
2) These deities include Lord Ram and his wife Sita; Lord Hanuman; Lord Shiva and his wife Parvati and children Ganesh and Karthik etc.
3) Each shrine is adorned with exquisite carvings. It reflects the life and teachings of their respective deities.
Inscriptions– Stories from ancient civilisations such as Maya, Aztec, Egyptian, Arabic, European, Chinese and African are all captured in stone. This is a testament to the interconnected essence of global spirituality.
Eco-friendly architecture–
1) The temple has been built by using fly ash instead of cement to reduce its carbon footprint.
2) Nano tiles have been installed with designs to keep visitors comfortable even in extreme heat.
3) It has not used any ferrous material.
About Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)
Description– BAPS is a socio-spiritual Hindu faith with its roots in the Vedas. Its global network of mandirs and centres hosts many moral, social, cultural, and spiritual activities.
Founder– It is based on the Vedic teachings propagated by Bhagwan Swaminarayan (1781-1830 CE).
Establishment– It was established in 1907 CE by Brahmaswarup Shastriji Maharaj.
Basic principles-It follows No Alcohol, No Addictions, No Adultery, No Meat, No Impurity of body and mind way of life.
Social service– It is also engaged in a variety of humanitarian activities that include services in times of natural calamities, primary schools, students’ hostels, hospitals, diagnostic camps, anti-addiction drives etc.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & culture.

Nazool Land- Behind recent dispute and Violence in Haldwani
February 12, 2024

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Source-This post on Nazool Land- Behind recent dispute and Violence in Haldwani is based on the article “What is Nazool land, behind recent dispute and violence in Haldwani?” published in “The Indian Express” on 12th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, violence erupted in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, after the administration conducted a demolition drive at a mosque and madrasa allegedly on Nazool land.
What is Nazool land?
Source-Lok mat
1. Nazool land is government-owned property. However, usually it is not directly managed as state property.
2. It is often leased to entities for fixed periods, ranging from 15 to 99 years.
3. In case of lease expiry, one can approach the authority to renew the lease by submitting a written application to the revenue department of the local development authority.
4. The government can either renew or cancel leases.
5. Origin– Nazool land originated because kings and royals lacked documentation to prove ownership of lands seized during British rule.
How is it governed?
1. While some states have issued government orders to frame rules for Nazool land.
2. The Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, is the law mostly used for adjudicating Nazool land.
How does the government use Nazool land?
1. The government typically uses Nazool land for public purposes such as constructing schools, hospitals, Gram Panchayat buildings, etc.
2. Many cities in India have large portions of Nazool land used for housing societies, usually on lease.
UPSC Syllabus- Polity and Nation/History and Art and Culture

Dhokra Shilpkala Sculpture

February 12, 2024

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Source-This post on Dhokra Shilpkala sculpture has been created based on the article “Dhokra Shilpkala: How Chhattisgarh’s Ocher Studio is helping to preserve India’s 4,000-year-old craft” published in “The Economic Times” on 9 February 2024.

Why in the news?

Chhattisgarh’s Ocher Studio is helping the artisans to preserve India’s 4,000-year-old craft- Dhokra Shilpkala.

About Dhokra Shilpkala Sculpture

Aspect	Detail
Description	The word “Dhokra” is believed to be derived from the Dhokra Damar tribes, the traditional metal smiths of Central India.
Origin	The origins can be traced back to the tribal communities residing in the regions of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha.
Technique	It uses the lost-wax technique, or cire perdue, for metal casting.
Artistry and design	1) The beauty of Dhokra Shilpkala lies in its rustic charm and the organic nature of its designs. 2) Artisans draw inspiration from nature, mythology, and everyday life.They incorporate motifs such as animals, birds, deities, and tribal symbols into their creations. 3) Each piece display a sense of timeless elegance and cultural richness.
Challenges	1) Rapid growth in urbanization 2) Rise of mechanized production techniques.

What is lost wax technique?

1) The process begins with the creation of a clay core, which serves as the base for the final metal sculpture.
2) Artisans then coat this clay core with a layer of beeswax. They sculpt the intricate designs and patterns by hand.
3) Once the wax model is complete, it is covered with layers of clay.
4) The entire structure is then heated, allowing the wax to melt and drain out. It leaves behind a cavity in the shape of the original sculpture.
5) Molten metal, which is a combination of brass and bronze, is poured into this cavity, filling the space left by the melted wax.
6) After cooling and solidifying, the clay mould is broken away, revealing the final metal casting.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture

Kokborok language
February 10, 2024

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Source-This post on Kokborok language has been created based on the article “After weeks of protests and exchange of barbs, TBSE allows both Roman, Bengali scripts for Kokborok exam in Tripura” published in “The Indian Express” on 7 February 2024.
Why in the news?
The Tripura Board of Secondary Education (TBSE) has announced that both Roman and Bengali scripts will be allowed for Kokborok exams.
About Kokborok Language
Source-The Indian Express
Description– Kokborok is the language spoken by the Borok people belonging to the State of Tripura. The term kok means “verbal“, and borok means “people” or “human”.
Family-It is a Sino-Tibetan language and can be traced back to at least the 1st century AD when the historical record of Tripuri kings started to be written down in a book called the Rajratnakar.
Official status-It is one of the state languages of Tripura, along with Bengali. It was notified on January 19, 1979.
Read more–Official language in Constitution of India.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & culture and polity

Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan
February 10, 2024

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Source-This post on Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan is based on the article “M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna” published in “The Hindu” on 9th February 2024.
Why in the News?
The government has recently announced that the Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former PM P.V. Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer M.S. Swaminathan.
This is in addition to the two recipients previously announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani.
Who were P.V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and M.S. Swaminathan?
Source- The Hindu
Note- PV Narshima Rao was the first PM from southern India.
About Bharat Ratna
Source- The Print
1) About– Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India, instituted in 1954.
2) Domain of recognition– The award initially honored contributions in arts, literature, science, and public services. However, in December 2011, its scope was expanded to include ‘any field of human endeavor‘.
3) First recipients– Scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.
4) Non Indians– The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.
5) Recommendation for Bharat Ratna-The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President.
6) Bharat Ratna Award Limit:
a. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.
b. However, in 2024, five Bharat Ratna awards were announced, one more than the four announced in 1999. This marks the highest number ever conferred in a single year.
7) Title guidelines:
a. According to Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, the Bharat Ratna cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
b. However, if the award holder wishes to indicate they have received the award, they may do so in their biodata, letterhead, or visiting card.
UPSC Syllabus- Personalities in news/Miscellaneous/History Art and Culture

Ajanta and Ellora Caves

February 9, 2024

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Source-This post on Ajanta and Ellora Caves has been created based on the article “Ajanta & Ellora now part of Swadesh Darshan scheme” published in “THE TIMES OF INDIA” on 7 February 2024.

Why in the news?

The Ministry of Tourism has recently included the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves in its Swadesh Darshan Scheme II.

About Ajanta and Ellora Caves

Area of difference	Ajanta caves	Ellora caves
Location	Ajanta caves are located in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats). These are a series of rock-cut caves on Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.	It is located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra.
Number of caves	There are a total of 29 buddhist caves in Ajanta of which 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls while 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves..	Ellora caves are a group of 100 caves at the site of which 34 caves are open to the public. 17 caves out of these 34 are themed around Hinduism, 12 caves depict the themes of Buddhist and 5 caves are of Jain faith.
Major religion	Ajanta Caves are mostly Buddhist sites.	Ellora has a better mix of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist structures.
Time period of construction	The caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.	They date to the period between the 6th and 11th Centuries AD.
Status	UNESCO World Heritage sites	UNESCO World Heritage sites

About Swadesh darshan scheme

Year of Launching-2015

Concerned ministry–Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

Objective-To develop sustainable and responsible tourism destinations in the country.

Type of scheme-It is 100% centrally funded scheme.

Provision of scheme–

1) The Ministry of Tourism provides financial assistance to State governments, Union Territory Administrations, or Central Agencies for development of tourism infrastructure in the country.

2) State Government/UT Administration have to operate and maintain the projects sanctioned under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.

3) It has 15 themes for the development of theme-based tourist circuits throughout India.

NOTE-Some other important schemes related to tourism

1) PRASHAD Scheme
2) Utsav Portal
3) DekhoApnaDesh Initiative.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture and scheme and programmes in news.

390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post)
February 8, 2024

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Source-This post on 390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post) is based on the article “390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha unravels trade links of Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 7th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, archaeologists discovered a 390-year-old Deepastambham (lamp post) on the banks of the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana. This discovery sheds new light on trade ties in the region during early medieval times.
About the Deepastambham (lamp post)
Source-The Hindu
1. According to the inscription found on the lamp post, the pillar can be dated back to June 1635.
2. The inscription, comprising a fusion of Telugu and Tamil languages which suggests that the pillar was dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha.
3. The impressive height of the pillar hints at its possible role as a a lighthouse, aiding ships along the riverine trade route in the early medieval era.
What is the history of the Nalgonda region?
1. During the construction of the lamp post, the region was governed by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
2. European travelers like the French diamond trader Tavernier, who visited the Hyderabad kingdom has also made note of these land trade routes.
About Krishna river
Source- ResearchGate
1. It is the third-longest river in India, after the Ganges and Godavari.
2. It is the fourth-largest in India in terms of water inflows and river basin area after the Ganges, Indus, and Godavari.
3. Its Basin extends over Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
4. Left Bank tributaries – Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.
5. Right Bank tributaries – Kudali (Niranjna) Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and Tungabhadra (largest tributary).
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture

Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana

February 7, 2024

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Source-This post on Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana has been created based on the article “Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana To Increase Influx Of Devotees Like Kashi Corridor, Mahakal Lok” published in “SWARAJYA” on 4th February 2024.

Why in The News?

The PM has recently laid the foundation stone for Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana to enhance access and amenities for pilgrims visiting the Kamakhya temple.

What is Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana?

Objective-To enhance the pilgrimage experience and boosting tourism in Assam.

Features:
1) It is part of the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PMDevINE) scheme. This corridor draws inspiration from the Kashi-Vishwanath Temple Corridor in Varanasi.
2) It will restore six major hidden temples within the Kamakhya complex.

About Kamakhya temple

Kamakhya_Temple,_Guwahati — Source-wikipedia

Location-Nilachal Hills, Guwahati.

Religious significance– It is one of the 51 shaktipeethas. Kamakhya is considered the goddess of fertility.

Architectural features:
1) The temple’s architectural shape is a combination of the traditional nagara and saracenic styles. This hybrid architecture is sometimes called the Nilachal type, named after the hill where it’s located.
2) The temple has a distinctive beehive-like shikhara (dome). The dome is adorned with sculptured panels and images of various Hindu deities.

Festival-Kamakhya Temple hosts the Ambubachi Mela. This is an annual festival celebrating the menstruation of the goddess.

About PMDevINE(Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for the North East Region)

Aspect	Details
Objective	1) To fund infrastructure to compliment PM GatiShakti. 2) To support social development projects based on felt needs of the North Eastern Region.
Launched	It was announced by the Central Government during the Union Budget 2022-23.
Implementation	It will be implemented for the remaining four years of the 15th Finance Commission, from 2022-23 to 2025-26.
Nodal ministry	Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), through the North Eastern Council or central ministries and agencies.
Funding	It gets 100% funding from the centre (Central sector scheme)

UPSC Syllabus-Scheme & programmes and art and culture.

Grammy Awards

February 7, 2024

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Source-This post on Grammy Awards has been created based on the article “Grammy Awards 2024: Zakir Hussain bags 3 awards for ‘Pashto’, Shankar Mahadevan’s ‘This Moment’ wins” published in “Mint” on 5 February 2024.

Why in the news?

The fusion band, Shakti, bagged the Global Music Album Winner at the Grammy Awards.

About Grammy Awards

Aspect	Details
About	The Grammy Award is a prestigious accolade presented annually by the Recording Academy to honour outstanding achievements in the music industry.
History	The Grammy Awards were first established in 1959 to honour artistic and technical excellence across various music genres. The name “Grammy” is derived from “gramophone,” reflecting the original trophy’s design resembling a gramophone.
Categories	1) It includes a wide range of categories covering such as pop, rock, rap, country, classical, jazz, and many more. 2) The “General Field” are four awards that are not restricted by genre. 3) They are Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best New Artist, and genre-specific awards.
Nomination and selection process	1) The nomination process involves submissions by record companies, artists, and other industry professionals. 2) The Recording Academy members then vote to determine the final nominees. 3) Winners are selected by voting members of The Recording Academy, consisting of music professionals across various fields.
Some interesting facts.	1) There are 15 Indians who have won Grammy Awards such as A.R. Rahman, Zakir Hussain etc 2) Grammy Awards has introduced 3 new categories to recognise African Music, pop dance, and alternative jazz.
Ceremony	It is held annually in Los Angeles, California, typically in January or February.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.

Subika painting

February 3, 2024

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Source-This post on Subika painting has been created based on the article “Manipur’s age-old Subika paintings and an assistant professor’s struggle to save the art form” published in “The Indian Express” on 31 January 2024.

Why in the news?

Invaluable art forms of Manipur are on the brink of extinction due to neglect.

About Subika painting

Aspect	Details
Type	It is an early visual art form of Manipur.
Community	It is a style of painting which is linked to the Meitei community’s cultural history.
Manuscript	It is surviving through its six manuscripts — Subika, Subika Achouba, Subika Laishaba, Subika Choudit, Subika Cheithil and Thengrakhel Subika.
Origin	The royal chronicle, Cheitharol Kumbaba, doesn’t mention a specific founder. However, experts estimate the use of Subika paintings since the 18th or 19th century.
Key points	1) It is a composition of cultural motifs made by pre-existing features and other influences encouraged by cultural world-views of the community. 2) The illustrations of Subika Laishaba have visual language from the elements such as lines, shapes, forms, colours, and patterns. 3) These visual images become Meitei’s cultural motif, and structure to create visual effects as well as express cultural significance. 4) The visual images are painted on handmade paper. 5) The materials of manuscripts are prepared indigenously, either handmade paper or barks of trees.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.

Auroville Exposure Tour
February 2, 2024

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Source-This post on Auroville Exposure Tour has been created based on the article “Students Engage In Auroville Exposure Tour As Part Of Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat Programme, Delving Into Key Units Of Auroville” published in Lednewsdesk on 1 February 2024.
Why in the news?
Students under the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programme visited Auroville town to learn about the working of four key units.
About Auroville town
Location– Mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, with some parts in the Union Territory of Pondicherry in India. Auroville is a universal township in the making for a population of up to 50,000 people from around the world.
Founder– It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa (known as “the Mother”) and designed by architect Roger Ange.
Auroville has its origins in the French language, “Aurore” meaning dawn and “Ville” meaning village/city. Additionally, it is named after Sri Aurobindo.
Objective
– To realise human unity – in diversity.
– To ensure sustainable living and addressing the future cultural, environmental, social and spiritual needs of mankind.
About Sri Aurobindo
He was born in Calcutta on 15th August 1872. He was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist.
Philosophy
Aurobindo’s life philosophy is a synthesis of idealism, realism, naturalism and pragmatism.
According to him, Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion) and Karma (work ethics) can lead man to the divine path. His philosophy is also known as integral yoga.
Important Literary Works:
1) An English newspaper called Bande Mataram (in 1905).
2) Bhagavad Gita and Its Message
3) The Future Evolution of Man
4) Rebirth and Karma
NOTE- Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programm– On Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 140th birthday, the Prime Minister announced the “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat” initiative to enhance the connection between people of various cultures living in different Indian states and union territories to encourage greater mutual understanding.
UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture in news.

Gallantry awards

January 30, 2024

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Source-This post on gallantry award has been created based on the article “Republic Day 2024: Over 1,100 personnel awarded Gallantry and Service medals.Details here” published in “Live Mint“on 25 January 2024.

Why in the news?

The Central Government has chosen 1,132 personnel from various services including police, fire service, home guard, civil defence, and correctional service for gallantry and service medals on Republic Day.

About Gallantry awards

Aspect	Detail
History	1) The first three gallantry awards namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra were instituted by the government of India on 26th January 1950. These awards are given during war time. 2) Three other gallantry awards — the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II, and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III — were instituted in 1952. These awards were renamed Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra in January 1967.These awards are given during peace time.
Objective	To honour the acts of bravery and sacrifice of the officers/personnel of the Armed Forces and others lawfully constituted Forces and civilians.
Frequency	Announced twice in a year – first on Republic Day and then on the the Independence Day
Order of precedence	Param Vir Chakra> the Ashoka Chakra> the Mahavir Chakra> the Kirti Chakra> the Vir Chakra >the Shaurya chakra.
Awarded by	1. The President every year at the Rashtrapati Bhawan. 2. However, the Param Vir Chakra and the Ashoka Chakra are conferred by the President to the awardees/NoKs on the occasion of the Republic Day Parade at the Rajpath.

NOTE-1) All the gallantry awards may be awarded posthumously.
2) Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway Protection Force are eligible for Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra.

UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture

Maratha Military Landscapes: India’s UNESCO World Heritage Nomination for 2024-25

January 30, 2024

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Source-This post is based on the article “Maratha Military Landscapes of India will be India’s nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25” published in “PIB” on 29th January 2024.

Why in the News?

The “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” will be India’s nomination for recognition in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25.

What are the ‘Maratha Military Landscapes of India’?

Aspect	Details
About	It refers to the historical regions, fortifications, military architecture, and associated cultural elements related to the Maratha Empire’s military history.
Developed in	These were developed between the 17th and 19th centuries.
Selected forts for Nomination	There are more than 390 forts in Maharashtra out of which only 12 are chosen for the Maratha Military Landscapes of India. a. Shivneri Fort, Lohagad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala Fort, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, and Gingee Fort are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India. b. Salher Fort, Rajgad, Khanderi Fort, and Pratapgarh are protected by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra.
Categorization of selected forts	In the Maratha Military Landscapes of India these forts are categorized as: a. Hill forts– Salher fort, Shivneri fort, Lohgad, Raigad, Rajgad and Gingee fort. b. Hill-forest fort– Pratapgad c. Hill-plateau fort– Panhala d. Coastal fort– Vijaydurg e. Island forts– Khanderi fort, Suvarnadurg and Sindhudurg

What are the categories of nomination for UNESCO World Heritage List?

1) There are two categories of nomination– cultural and natural criteria.

2) There are six criteria (i to vi) for cultural sites and four criteria (vii to x) for natural sites for inclusion in the World Heritage List.

3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is nominated under:
a. Criterion (iii)- Unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, either living or extinct.
b. Criterion (iv)- To exemplify a significant stage in human history through outstanding architecture, technology, or landscape.
c. Criterion (vi)- To be closely linked with significant events, traditions, beliefs, and works of universal significance.

What are the World Heritage sites in India, particularly in Maharashtra, and how are they categorized?

1) At present in India there are 42 World Heritage sites, out of which 34 are cultural sites, seven are natural sites whereas one is mixed site.

2) In Maharashtra there are six World Heritage Sites, five cultural and one natural:
a. Cultural Sites– Ajanta Caves (1983), Ellora Caves (1983), Elephanta Caves (1987), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004), Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018).
b. Natural Site– Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala is serial property in natural category (2012).

3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, listed in the 2021 Tentative List of World Heritage sites, is Maharashtra’s sixth cultural property nominated for the World Heritage List.

UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

Sapinda Marriage

January 29, 2024

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Source-This post on sapinda marriage has been created based on the article” What are incestuous ‘sapinda’ marriages, and why has Delhi High Court reaffirmed the ban on them? published in” The Indian Express” on 29 January 2024.

Why in the news?

The Delhi High Court has recently rejected a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), which prohibits marriage between Hindus if they are “sapindas” of each other.

Background-

In 2007, a sapinda marriage was declared void, prompting the woman to appeal the ruling in the Delhi HC, which was dismissed in 2023. She then challenged the constitutional validity of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), arguing it violates the Right to equality under Article 14. The women argued that sapinda marriages are common even without proof of custom also.

However, the Delhi HC rejected her arguments. The court emphasised the need for stringent proof of an established custom and upheld the regulation of partner choice in marriage.

What is a sapinda marriage?

A sapinda marriage is one between individuals who are closely related to each other. As per section 3 of Hindu Marriage Act, “Two persons are said to be sapindas of each other if one is a lineal ascendant (it means son, grandson) of the other, or if they have a common lineal ascendant who is within the limits of sapinda relationship.”

Sapinda marriage is prohibited within certain generations on both the mother’s and father’s sides.
Mother’s Side: Marriage is forbidden within three generations. Sibling (first generation), their parents (second generation), their grandparents (third generation)
Father’s Side: It extends to five generations. This prohibition would extend up to their grandparents’ grandparent.

Prohibition on Sapinda marriage-
Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act prohibits sapinda marriages unless there is an established custom that permits the marriage. This means that if there is no established custom, marriage is considered invalid.

Exception to the rule of Sapinda Marriage– When the customs of each individual permits sapinda marriages.
Custom as defined by the Hindu Marriage Act-The definition of the word “custom” is provided in Section 3(a) of the HMA. As per the law, a custom must be continuously and uniformly observed for a long period to gain legitimacy among Hindu.
As per the court, customs should not be unreasonable or opposed to public policy. In the case of a rule that is applicable only to a certain family, the rule should not have been “discontinued by that family”.

Status of sapinda marriage in other countries.

France	Abolished the crime of incest under the Penal Code of 1810, allowing marriages between consenting adults.
Portugal	It does not criminalise incest.
Italy	Incest is only considered a crime if it causes a “public scandal.”
Belgium	Adopted similar laws under the influence of the French code.
Ireland	Laws on incest have not been updated post the recognition of same-sex marriages in 2015.
USA	Incestuous marriages are banned in all states except New Jersey and Rhode Island.

Note-Incestuous: An incestuous relationship is one involving sexual intercourse between two members of the same family.

Upsc Syllabus-Indian Society/Art and Culture in News

About Padma Awards 2024

January 27, 2024

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Source-This post on Padma award has been created based on the article “Padma Awards 2024 announced” published in “PIB” on 25 January 2024.

Why in the news?

About Padma Awards 2024, Recently Padma Awards – one of the highest civilian Awards of the country, are conferred in three categories, namely, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.

About Padma awards

Aspects	Detail
History	1) The Government of India instituted two civilian awards-Bharat Ratna & Padma Vibhushan in 1954. 2) Padma Vibhushan had three classes namely Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg and Tisra Varg. 3) These were subsequently renamed as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri vide Presidential Notification issued on January 8, 1955.
About	1) The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India. 2) They are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day. 3) These Awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at Rashtrapati Bhawan usually around March / April every year.
Ministry	The awards come under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Objective	To acknowledge achievements in all fields of activities or discipline where element of public service is involved.
Categories	The Awards are given in three categories: 1) Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service), 2) Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) and 3) Padma Shri (distinguished service). Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.
Discipline	The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, music etc.
Eligibility	All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these Awards.
Selection process	1) All nominations received for the Padma Awards are placed before the Padma Awards Committee constituted by the Prime Minister every year. 2) The Padma Awards Committee is headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes the Home Secretary, the Secretary to the President, and four to six eminent persons as members. 3) The recommendations of the committee are submitted to the Prime Minister and the President of India for approval.
Some important facts	1) The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120. 2) The award does not amount to title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name. 3) These were discontinued in 1978 and 1979 and from 1993 to 1997.

UPSC SYLLABUS: Art and Culture in News

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Srirangam Temple

January 24, 2024

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Source-This post is based on the article “Modi the first serving Prime Minister to visit Srirangam temple” published in “The Hindu” on 20 January 2024.

Why in the news?

The Prime Minister has recently visited Srirangam temple also called the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple.

About the temple

1. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form of Vishnu), located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

2. The temple has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.

3. The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world

4. In 2017 the temple won the UNESCO Asia Pacific Award of Merit 2017 for cultural heritage conservation, making it the first temple in Tamil Nadu to receive the award from the UNESCO.

What are the architectural features of the temple?

Style	Dravidian (the temple is glorified by Alvars in their Naalayira Divya Prabhandam)
Size	The temple occupies an area of 63 hectares (155 acres) with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions.
Shrines	The temple complex includes over 50 shrines dedicated to Vishnu, Lakshmi, as well as various Vaishnava scholars and poets.
Mandapa	The Ranganathaswamy Temple has many mandapams like thousand pillar mandapa, garuda mandapa.
Gopuram	There are 21 gopurams (tower gateways), among which the towering Rajagopuram (shrine of the main gateway) is the tallest temple tower in Asia
Inscriptions	The historic inscriptions at the Ranganathaswamy Temple are in six major Indian languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Odia. The inscriptions have provided information about South Indian history, culture, economy and social role.

What is the historical and cultural significance of the temple?

1) The main deity of the temple is mentioned in various Sanskrit literature and epics such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Padma Purana, Brahmanda Purana and Garuda Puranam.

2) Medieval scholars like Nathamuni, Ramanuja, Pillai Lokacharya, Vedanta Desika and Manavala Mamunigal are associated with the temple.

3) Bhakti movement- Ranganathaswamy temple is the only one out of the 108 temples that was sung in praise by all the Alvars (follower of Vaishnavism).

UPSC SYLLABUS:-ART AND CULTURE

Madhika Language
January 24, 2024

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Source:-This post is created based on the article “With just two speakers, a language in Kerala with no script is on the brink of extinction” published in “The Hindu” on 24 January 2024.
Why in the news?
Kerala’s Chakaliya community is facing the threat of extinction of its unique language Madhika as just 2 speakers remaining.
About the madhika language
1. The language is spoken by Chakaliya community.
2. It is a blend of Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
3. It may sound like Kannada but it has its own uniqueness due to diverse influences.
4. It is largely influenced by Havyaka Kannada, an old form of Kannada.
5. The language does not have its own script thus it faces the threat of extinction.
Facts about Chakaliya Community
Origin-They have a nomadic origin. They worship gods like Thiruvenkatramana and Mariamma.
Location– Kannur district (Kerala)
Migration to Kerala– They have migrated to northern Malabar from the hilly regions of Karnataka centuries ago.
Status-Initially they were given the S.T. status, but later they were brought under S.C. category. The mention of the community can be found in the book Caste and Tribes of Southern India
Social position– They were considered untouchables.
What are the government’s steps to preserve endangered language?
1. The Government of India has initiated a Scheme known as “Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages of India” (SPPEL). Under this scheme, the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore works on protection, preservation and documentation of all the mother tongues/languages.
NOTE- Endangered Language– As per UNESCO, any language spoken by less than 10,000 persons is considered “potentially endangered”.
Some important constitutional provisions for protection of language
Article 29– Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
Article 350B-It provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate all the matters relating to the Safeguards provided for the linguistic minorities.
International steps:-UNESCO’s flagship activity in safeguarding endangered languages is the Atlas of the World’s Languages in danger.
UPSC Syllabus:-Art and culture in news.

Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna

January 24, 2024

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Source-This post is based on the article “Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna” published in “Times of India” on 23rd January 2024.

Why in the News?

Recently Government of India has announced that Late former Bihar chief minister Karpoori Thakur will be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna.

Who was Karpoori Thakur?

Aspect	Details
About	1. He was an Indian politician who served two terms as the Chief Minister of Bihar. 2. He was born on January 24, 1924, in the village of Pitaunjhia (now Karpuri Gram) in the Samastipur District of Bihar. 3. He passed away in February 1988. 4. He was popularly known as Jan Nayak. He was also known as the champion of the poor. 5. He drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi and Satyanarayan Sinha.
Political career	1. He began his political journey with the Praja Socialist Party and later aligned himself with the Janata Party. 2. He was elected as a member of the Bihar Vidhan Sabha in 1952 from the Tajpur constituency as a candidate of the Socialist Party. 3. He served as a minister and Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, before becoming the first non-Congress socialist Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970. 4. He also enforced total prohibition of alcohol in Bihar. 5. He served as the President of Samyukta Socialist Party.

What is Bharat Ratna?

1) Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India.

2) The award, initially focused on arts, literature, science, and public services. It was broadened to encompass ‘any field of human endeavor‘ in December 2011.

3) The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954.

4) The first recipients of the award were scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.

5) The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.

6) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.

UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture/ Personalities in news

Ayodhya Ram Temple – key features

January 22, 2024

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Source: This post is based on the article “Nagara architecture, 392 pillars, 5 mandaps: Decoding Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’s key features” published in “Hindustan Times” on 22nd January 2024.

Why in the news?

The Ram temple in Ayodhya is inaugurated on January 22.

What is the style of the temple?

The temple is built in the nagara style.

Source: ANI

What are the features of the Ayodhya Ram temple?
Architectural Style.	Constructed in the traditional Nagara style
Dimension	The Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir has a length (east-west) of 380 feet, a width of 250 feet, and a height of 161 feet.
Material used	1. The main temple structure features Bansi Paharpur Pink Sandstone sourced from Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district. 2. Granite stones are utilized in the plinths, providing a durable and resilient foundation for the temple. 3. White Makrana marble and colored marble are intricately used for inlay work.
Boundary walls	A 732-meter-long surrounding wall, influenced by Dravida style temples gives a hybrid characteristic.
Mandapas	There are 5 mandapas Nritya Mandap, Rang Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prathana Mandap and Kirtan Mandap
Unique approach	The construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya takes a unique approach by avoiding the use of steel or iron. Instead, the project uses traditional construction methods by giving due attention to the principle of sustainability.
Other structures	At the four corners of the compound, there are four Mandirs – dedicated to Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan and Bhagwan Shiv. In the northern arm is a Mandir of Maa Annapurna and in the southern arm is Mandir of Hanuman ji.

UPSC SYLLABUS: ART AND CULTURE.

Moh-Juj: Traditional bull fight

January 22, 2024

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Source-This post is based on the article “Assam revives traditional bull fights nine years after SC ban” published in “Hindustan Times” on 16th January 2024.

Why in the News?

The Assam Government has recently revived the traditional buffalo fight (Moh-Juj), which had been halted for nine years following the Supreme Court’s ban on Tamil Nadu’s Jallikattu and bullock cart races in Maharashtra.

What is Moh-Juj?

Aspect	Details
Origin	It was introduced to Assamese culture by 30th Ahom king Swargadeo Rudra Singha about 200 years ago.
Features	1. It is celebrated as a sport in Ahatguri town during Assam’s Magh Bihu, a key harvest festival in January–February. 2. The event is part of the cultural celebration of Magh Bihu.

Note- In addition to Moh-Juj, Swargadeo Rudra Singha also introduced elephant and bird fights, fostering community unity during his era.

About the wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee)

1) Habitat: It primarily inhabits alluvial grasslands, marshes, swamps, and river valleys.

2) Conservation Status:

a. IUCN Red list: Endangered
b. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
c. CITES: Appendix III

What is the controversy emerging again regarding Moh-Juj?

1) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India, Animal rights group, has urged the Assam chief minister to promptly halt Moh-Juj fights.

2) PETA India is citing violations of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, and Supreme Court judgments, including Animal Welfare Board of India vs A Nagaraja (2014).

UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Environment

Parakram Diwas 2024 at Red Fort

January 22, 2024

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Source-This post is based on the article “Parakram Diwas 2024 Commemoration: Red Fort Unveils History and Cultural Spectacle” published in “PIB” on 21st January 2024.

Why in the News?

Prime Minister will inaugurate the Parakram Diwas 2024 event at Red Fort on the evening of January 23. The celebration will be continued till 31st January.

What is Parakram Diwas?

1) It is a national event celebrated in India on 23rd January to mark the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.

2) It has been celebrated annually since 2021.

3) The inaugural event occurred at Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.

What steps has the government taken to commemorate Parakram Diwas?

Year	Initiatives Details
2022	A hologram statue of Netaji was revealed at India Gate.
2023	1. The 21 largest unnamed islands in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands were renamed after the 21 Param Vir Chakra awardees. 2. A model of the National Memorial dedicated to Netaji which supposed to be constructed on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep was also unveiled.

What are the key events of Parakram Diwas 2024?

1) Organised by– The Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with institutions like the Archaeological Survey of India, National School of Drama, Sahitya Akademi, and the National Archives of India.

2) The event will feature various activities exploring the rich legacy of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and the Azad Hind Fauj.

3) The Prime Minister will digitally launch ‘Bharat Parv,’ organized by the Ministry of Tourism, featuring Republic Day Tableaux and cultural exhibits to showcase the nation’s diversity.

4) The iconic Red Fort will be transformed with a projection mapping show by artists from the National School of Drama.

5) Special recognition will be given to the veterans of the Indian National Army.

6) This nine-day event will showcase various citizen centric initiatives by 26 Ministries and departments.

Significance of Red fort:

a) The Red Fort is pivotal in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s saga and the Azad Hind Fauj.
b) It houses a museum inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi in 2019 to honor Bose and the INA on Netaji’s birthday.
c) Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, and Colonel Shahnawaz Khan made history in the Red Fort Trials, symbolizing the Azad Hind Fauj’s resolute commitment to India’s freedom.

Note– The entry for the visitors during the event will be free of cost.

UPSC Syllabus- Schemes & Programmes/ Art & Culture

Temple Architecture of Nagara Style in 2024

January 20, 2024

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Source: This post is based on the article “What is the Nagara style in which Ayodhya’s Ram temple is built” published in “The Indian Express” on 20^th January 2024.

Why in the news?

Temple Architecture of Nagara Style, The Ram temple in Ayodhya is going to be inaugurated on January 22.

What is the Nagara style of temple architecture?

Originated from the word Nagar meaning town or city. It’s the style of temple in the northern India. This style developed in the 5th century, characterized by a curvilinear or convex shikhara. The shikhara is topped by a larger round cushion-like element called an Amalaka.

What are the features of Nagara style of temple?

It does not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
The entire temple is built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it.
The garbhagriha(sanctum sanctorum) is always located under the tallest tower.Garbhgriha is the place where main deity is placed. It is the most sacred part of the temple.
Shikharas are human-made representations of the natural and cosmological order, as imagined in Hindu tradition. For example; Meru, Mandara, and kailasaa are the three mountain which are believed to be axis of world. Example-Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho, M.P.
Amalaka or Kalash installed on Shikhara is one of the features of this temple style.
It also consists of circumambulatory path around the garbhagriha.
Other examples of Nagara style of temples in India are- Sun temple, Konark, Sun temple at Modhera, Gujarat and Ossian temple, Gujarat.

Image based on EB

Havell’s The ancient and Medieval Architecture of India.

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What are the modes of nagara architecture?

Adam Hardy,who is author of book The Temple Architecture of India (2007) identifies five modes of Nagara temple architecture — Valabhi, Phamsana, Latina, Shekhari, and Bhumija.

What is the difference between Dravida and Nagara Style of Architecture?

Area of difference	Dravida style	Nagara style
Location	Southern India	Northern India
Mandapa towers	Single tower	Multiple tower
Central towers	Shaped like a pyramid	Curvilinear in shape
Boundaries	Boundaries are given great importance.	Boundaries are not given great importance.

UPSC Syllabus: GS paper 1 Art and Culture

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