History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024
Kokborok language
February 10, 2024↓Source-This post on Kokborok language has been created based on the article “After weeks of protests and exchange of barbs, TBSE allows both Roman, Bengali scripts for Kokborok exam in Tripura” published in “The Indian Express” on 7 February 2024.
Why in the news?
The Tripura Board of Secondary Education (TBSE) has announced that both Roman and Bengali scripts will be allowed for Kokborok exams.
About Kokborok Language
Source-The Indian Express Description– Kokborok is the language spoken by the Borok people belonging to the State of Tripura. The term kok means “verbal“, and borok means “people” or “human”.
Family-It is a Sino-Tibetan language and can be traced back to at least the 1st century AD when the historical record of Tripuri kings started to be written down in a book called the Rajratnakar.
Official status-It is one of the state languages of Tripura, along with Bengali. It was notified on January 19, 1979.
Read more–Official language in Constitution of India.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & culture and polity
Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan
February 10, 2024↓Source-This post on Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan is based on the article “M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna” published in “The Hindu” on 9th February 2024.
Why in the News?
The government has recently announced that the Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former PM P.V. Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer M.S. Swaminathan.
This is in addition to the two recipients previously announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani.Who were P.V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and M.S. Swaminathan?
Source- The Hindu Note- PV Narshima Rao was the first PM from southern India.
About Bharat Ratna
Source- The Print 1) About– Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India, instituted in 1954.
2) Domain of recognition– The award initially honored contributions in arts, literature, science, and public services. However, in December 2011, its scope was expanded to include ‘any field of human endeavor‘.
3) First recipients– Scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.
4) Non Indians– The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.
5) Recommendation for Bharat Ratna-The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President.
6) Bharat Ratna Award Limit:
a. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.
b. However, in 2024, five Bharat Ratna awards were announced, one more than the four announced in 1999. This marks the highest number ever conferred in a single year.7) Title guidelines:
a. According to Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, the Bharat Ratna cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
b. However, if the award holder wishes to indicate they have received the award, they may do so in their biodata, letterhead, or visiting card.UPSC Syllabus- Personalities in news/Miscellaneous/History Art and Culture
Ajanta and Ellora Caves
February 9, 2024↓Source-This post on Ajanta and Ellora Caves has been created based on the article “Ajanta & Ellora now part of Swadesh Darshan scheme” published in “THE TIMES OF INDIA” on 7 February 2024.
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Tourism has recently included the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves in its Swadesh Darshan Scheme II.
About Ajanta and Ellora Caves
Source-Explore Our India Area of difference Ajanta caves Ellora caves Location Ajanta caves are located in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats). These are a series of rock-cut caves on Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. It is located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra. Number of caves There are a total of 29 buddhist caves in Ajanta of which 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls while 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves.. Ellora caves are a group of 100 caves at the site of which 34 caves are open to the public. 17 caves out of these 34 are themed around Hinduism, 12 caves depict the themes of Buddhist and 5 caves are of Jain faith. Major religion Ajanta Caves are mostly Buddhist sites. Ellora has a better mix of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist structures. Time period of construction The caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D. They date to the period between the 6th and 11th Centuries AD. Status UNESCO World Heritage sites UNESCO World Heritage sites About Swadesh darshan scheme
Year of Launching-2015
Concerned ministry–Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
Objective-To develop sustainable and responsible tourism destinations in the country.
Type of scheme-It is 100% centrally funded scheme.
Provision of scheme–
1) The Ministry of Tourism provides financial assistance to State governments, Union Territory Administrations, or Central Agencies for development of tourism infrastructure in the country.
2) State Government/UT Administration have to operate and maintain the projects sanctioned under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.
3) It has 15 themes for the development of theme-based tourist circuits throughout India.
NOTE-Some other important schemes related to tourism
1) PRASHAD Scheme
2) Utsav Portal
3) DekhoApnaDesh Initiative.UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture and scheme and programmes in news.
390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post)
February 8, 2024↓Source-This post on 390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post) is based on the article “390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha unravels trade links of Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 7th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, archaeologists discovered a 390-year-old Deepastambham (lamp post) on the banks of the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana. This discovery sheds new light on trade ties in the region during early medieval times.
About the Deepastambham (lamp post)
Source-The Hindu 1. According to the inscription found on the lamp post, the pillar can be dated back to June 1635.
2. The inscription, comprising a fusion of Telugu and Tamil languages which suggests that the pillar was dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha.
3. The impressive height of the pillar hints at its possible role as a a lighthouse, aiding ships along the riverine trade route in the early medieval era.
What is the history of the Nalgonda region?
1. During the construction of the lamp post, the region was governed by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
2. European travelers like the French diamond trader Tavernier, who visited the Hyderabad kingdom has also made note of these land trade routes.
About Krishna river
Source- ResearchGate 1. It is the third-longest river in India, after the Ganges and Godavari.
2. It is the fourth-largest in India in terms of water inflows and river basin area after the Ganges, Indus, and Godavari.
3. Its Basin extends over Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
4. Left Bank tributaries – Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.
5. Right Bank tributaries – Kudali (Niranjna) Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and Tungabhadra (largest tributary).
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture
Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana
February 7, 2024↓
Source-This post on Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana has been created based on the article “Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana To Increase Influx Of Devotees Like Kashi Corridor, Mahakal Lok” published in “SWARAJYA” on 4th February 2024.
Why in The News?
The PM has recently laid the foundation stone for Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana to enhance access and amenities for pilgrims visiting the Kamakhya temple.
What is Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana?
Objective-To enhance the pilgrimage experience and boosting tourism in Assam.
Features:
1) It is part of the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PMDevINE) scheme. This corridor draws inspiration from the Kashi-Vishwanath Temple Corridor in Varanasi.
2) It will restore six major hidden temples within the Kamakhya complex.About Kamakhya temple
Source-wikipedia Location-Nilachal Hills, Guwahati.
Religious significance– It is one of the 51 shaktipeethas. Kamakhya is considered the goddess of fertility.
Architectural features:
1) The temple’s architectural shape is a combination of the traditional nagara and saracenic styles. This hybrid architecture is sometimes called the Nilachal type, named after the hill where it’s located.
2) The temple has a distinctive beehive-like shikhara (dome). The dome is adorned with sculptured panels and images of various Hindu deities.Festival-Kamakhya Temple hosts the Ambubachi Mela. This is an annual festival celebrating the menstruation of the goddess.
Read More UPSC Topics-
About PMDevINE(Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for the North East Region)
Aspect Details Objective 1) To fund infrastructure to compliment PM GatiShakti.
2) To support social development projects based on felt needs of the North Eastern Region.Launched It was announced by the Central Government during the Union Budget 2022-23. Implementation It will be implemented for the remaining four years of the 15th Finance Commission, from 2022-23 to 2025-26. Nodal ministry Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), through the North Eastern Council or central ministries and agencies. Funding It gets 100% funding from the centre (Central sector scheme) UPSC Syllabus-Scheme & programmes and art and culture.
Grammy Awards
February 7, 2024↓Source-This post on Grammy Awards has been created based on the article “Grammy Awards 2024: Zakir Hussain bags 3 awards for ‘Pashto’, Shankar Mahadevan’s ‘This Moment’ wins” published in “Mint” on 5 February 2024.
Why in the news?
The fusion band, Shakti, bagged the Global Music Album Winner at the Grammy Awards.
About Grammy Awards
Aspect Details About The Grammy Award is a prestigious accolade presented annually by the Recording Academy to honour outstanding achievements in the music industry. History The Grammy Awards were first established in 1959 to honour artistic and technical excellence across various music genres.
The name “Grammy” is derived from “gramophone,” reflecting the original trophy’s design resembling a gramophone.Categories 1) It includes a wide range of categories covering such as pop, rock, rap, country, classical, jazz, and many more.
2) The “General Field” are four awards that are not restricted by genre.
3) They are Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best New Artist, and genre-specific awards.Nomination and selection process 1) The nomination process involves submissions by record companies, artists, and other industry professionals.
2) The Recording Academy members then vote to determine the final nominees.
3) Winners are selected by voting members of The Recording Academy, consisting of music professionals across various fields.Some interesting facts. 1) There are 15 Indians who have won Grammy Awards such as A.R. Rahman, Zakir Hussain etc
2) Grammy Awards has introduced 3 new categories to recognise African Music, pop dance, and alternative jazz.Ceremony It is held annually in Los Angeles, California, typically in January or February. UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.
Subika painting
February 3, 2024↓Source-This post on Subika painting has been created based on the article “Manipur’s age-old Subika paintings and an assistant professor’s struggle to save the art form” published in “The Indian Express” on 31 January 2024.
Why in the news?
Invaluable art forms of Manipur are on the brink of extinction due to neglect.
About Subika painting
Source-The Indian Express Aspect Details Type It is an early visual art form of Manipur. Community It is a style of painting which is linked to the Meitei community’s cultural history. Manuscript It is surviving through its six manuscripts — Subika, Subika Achouba, Subika Laishaba, Subika Choudit, Subika Cheithil and Thengrakhel Subika. Origin The royal chronicle, Cheitharol Kumbaba, doesn’t mention a specific founder. However, experts estimate the use of Subika paintings since the 18th or 19th century. Key points 1) It is a composition of cultural motifs made by pre-existing features and other influences encouraged by cultural world-views of the community.
2) The illustrations of Subika Laishaba have visual language from the elements such as lines, shapes, forms, colours, and patterns.
3) These visual images become Meitei’s cultural motif, and structure to create visual effects as well as express cultural significance.
4) The visual images are painted on handmade paper.
5) The materials of manuscripts are prepared indigenously, either handmade paper or barks of trees.UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.
Auroville Exposure Tour
February 2, 2024↓Source-This post on Auroville Exposure Tour has been created based on the article “Students Engage In Auroville Exposure Tour As Part Of Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat Programme, Delving Into Key Units Of Auroville” published in Lednewsdesk on 1 February 2024.
Why in the news?
Students under the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programme visited Auroville town to learn about the working of four key units.
About Auroville town
Location– Mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, with some parts in the Union Territory of Pondicherry in India. Auroville is a universal township in the making for a population of up to 50,000 people from around the world.
Founder– It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa (known as “the Mother”) and designed by architect Roger Ange.
Auroville has its origins in the French language, “Aurore” meaning dawn and “Ville” meaning village/city. Additionally, it is named after Sri Aurobindo.
Objective
– To realise human unity – in diversity.
– To ensure sustainable living and addressing the future cultural, environmental, social and spiritual needs of mankind.About Sri Aurobindo
He was born in Calcutta on 15th August 1872. He was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist.
Philosophy
Aurobindo’s life philosophy is a synthesis of idealism, realism, naturalism and pragmatism.
According to him, Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion) and Karma (work ethics) can lead man to the divine path. His philosophy is also known as integral yoga.Important Literary Works:
1) An English newspaper called Bande Mataram (in 1905).
2) Bhagavad Gita and Its Message
3) The Future Evolution of Man
4) Rebirth and KarmaNOTE- Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programm– On Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 140th birthday, the Prime Minister announced the “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat” initiative to enhance the connection between people of various cultures living in different Indian states and union territories to encourage greater mutual understanding.
UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture in news.
Gallantry awards
January 30, 2024↓Source-This post on gallantry award has been created based on the article “Republic Day 2024: Over 1,100 personnel awarded Gallantry and Service medals.Details here” published in “Live Mint“on 25 January 2024.
Why in the news?
The Central Government has chosen 1,132 personnel from various services including police, fire service, home guard, civil defence, and correctional service for gallantry and service medals on Republic Day.
About Gallantry awards
Aspect Detail History 1) The first three gallantry awards namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra were instituted by the government of India on 26th January 1950. These awards are given during war time.
2) Three other gallantry awards — the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II, and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III — were instituted in 1952. These awards were renamed Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra in January 1967.These awards are given during peace time.Objective To honour the acts of bravery and sacrifice of the officers/personnel of the Armed Forces and others lawfully constituted Forces and civilians. Frequency Announced twice in a year – first on Republic Day and then on the the Independence Day Order of precedence Param Vir Chakra> the Ashoka Chakra> the Mahavir Chakra> the Kirti Chakra> the Vir Chakra >the Shaurya chakra. Awarded by 1. The President every year at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
2. However, the Param Vir Chakra and the Ashoka Chakra are conferred by the President to the awardees/NoKs on the occasion of the Republic Day Parade at the Rajpath.NOTE-1) All the gallantry awards may be awarded posthumously.
2) Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway Protection Force are eligible for Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra.UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture
Maratha Military Landscapes: India’s UNESCO World Heritage Nomination for 2024-25
January 30, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “Maratha Military Landscapes of India will be India’s nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25” published in “PIB” on 29th January 2024.
Why in the News?
The “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” will be India’s nomination for recognition in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25.
What are the ‘Maratha Military Landscapes of India’?
Aspect Details About It refers to the historical regions, fortifications, military architecture, and associated cultural elements related to the Maratha Empire’s military history. Developed in These were developed between the 17th and 19th centuries. Selected forts for Nomination There are more than 390 forts in Maharashtra out of which only 12 are chosen for the Maratha Military Landscapes of India.
a. Shivneri Fort, Lohagad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala Fort, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, and Gingee Fort are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India.
b. Salher Fort, Rajgad, Khanderi Fort, and Pratapgarh are protected by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra.Categorization of selected forts In the Maratha Military Landscapes of India these forts are categorized as:
a. Hill forts– Salher fort, Shivneri fort, Lohgad, Raigad, Rajgad and Gingee fort.
b. Hill-forest fort– Pratapgad
c. Hill-plateau fort– Panhala
d. Coastal fort– Vijaydurg
e. Island forts– Khanderi fort, Suvarnadurg and SindhudurgWhat are the categories of nomination for UNESCO World Heritage List?
1) There are two categories of nomination– cultural and natural criteria.
2) There are six criteria (i to vi) for cultural sites and four criteria (vii to x) for natural sites for inclusion in the World Heritage List.
3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is nominated under:
a. Criterion (iii)- Unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, either living or extinct.
b. Criterion (iv)- To exemplify a significant stage in human history through outstanding architecture, technology, or landscape.
c. Criterion (vi)- To be closely linked with significant events, traditions, beliefs, and works of universal significance.What are the World Heritage sites in India, particularly in Maharashtra, and how are they categorized?
1) At present in India there are 42 World Heritage sites, out of which 34 are cultural sites, seven are natural sites whereas one is mixed site.
2) In Maharashtra there are six World Heritage Sites, five cultural and one natural:
a. Cultural Sites– Ajanta Caves (1983), Ellora Caves (1983), Elephanta Caves (1987), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004), Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018).
b. Natural Site– Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala is serial property in natural category (2012).3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, listed in the 2021 Tentative List of World Heritage sites, is Maharashtra’s sixth cultural property nominated for the World Heritage List.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Sapinda Marriage
January 29, 2024↓Source-This post on sapinda marriage has been created based on the article” What are incestuous ‘sapinda’ marriages, and why has Delhi High Court reaffirmed the ban on them? published in” The Indian Express” on 29 January 2024.
Why in the news?
The Delhi High Court has recently rejected a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), which prohibits marriage between Hindus if they are “sapindas” of each other.
Background-
In 2007, a sapinda marriage was declared void, prompting the woman to appeal the ruling in the Delhi HC, which was dismissed in 2023. She then challenged the constitutional validity of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), arguing it violates the Right to equality under Article 14. The women argued that sapinda marriages are common even without proof of custom also.
However, the Delhi HC rejected her arguments. The court emphasised the need for stringent proof of an established custom and upheld the regulation of partner choice in marriage.
What is a sapinda marriage?
A sapinda marriage is one between individuals who are closely related to each other. As per section 3 of Hindu Marriage Act, “Two persons are said to be sapindas of each other if one is a lineal ascendant (it means son, grandson) of the other, or if they have a common lineal ascendant who is within the limits of sapinda relationship.”
Sapinda marriage is prohibited within certain generations on both the mother’s and father’s sides.
Mother’s Side: Marriage is forbidden within three generations. Sibling (first generation), their parents (second generation), their grandparents (third generation)
Father’s Side: It extends to five generations. This prohibition would extend up to their grandparents’ grandparent.Prohibition on Sapinda marriage-
Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act prohibits sapinda marriages unless there is an established custom that permits the marriage. This means that if there is no established custom, marriage is considered invalid.Exception to the rule of Sapinda Marriage– When the customs of each individual permits sapinda marriages.
Custom as defined by the Hindu Marriage Act-The definition of the word “custom” is provided in Section 3(a) of the HMA. As per the law, a custom must be continuously and uniformly observed for a long period to gain legitimacy among Hindu.
As per the court, customs should not be unreasonable or opposed to public policy. In the case of a rule that is applicable only to a certain family, the rule should not have been “discontinued by that family”.Status of sapinda marriage in other countries.
France Abolished the crime of incest under the Penal Code of 1810, allowing marriages between consenting adults. Portugal It does not criminalise incest. Italy Incest is only considered a crime if it causes a “public scandal.” Belgium Adopted similar laws under the influence of the French code. Ireland Laws on incest have not been updated post the recognition of same-sex marriages in 2015. USA Incestuous marriages are banned in all states except New Jersey and Rhode Island. Note-Incestuous: An incestuous relationship is one involving sexual intercourse between two members of the same family.
Upsc Syllabus-Indian Society/Art and Culture in News
About Padma Awards 2024
January 27, 2024↓
Source-This post on Padma award has been created based on the article “Padma Awards 2024 announced” published in “PIB” on 25 January 2024.
Why in the news?
About Padma Awards 2024, Recently Padma Awards – one of the highest civilian Awards of the country, are conferred in three categories, namely, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.
About Padma awards
Aspects Detail History 1) The Government of India instituted two civilian awards-Bharat Ratna & Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
2) Padma Vibhushan had three classes namely Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg and Tisra Varg.
3) These were subsequently renamed as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri vide Presidential Notification issued on January 8, 1955.About 1) The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India.
2) They are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day.
3) These Awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at Rashtrapati Bhawan usually around March / April every year.Ministry The awards come under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Objective To acknowledge achievements in all fields of activities or discipline where element of public service is involved. Categories The Awards are given in three categories:
1) Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service),
2) Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) and
3) Padma Shri (distinguished service).
Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.Discipline The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, music etc. Eligibility All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these Awards. Selection process 1) All nominations received for the Padma Awards are placed before the Padma Awards Committee constituted by the Prime Minister every year.
2) The Padma Awards Committee is headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes the Home Secretary, the Secretary to the President, and four to six eminent persons as members.
3) The recommendations of the committee are submitted to the Prime Minister and the President of India for approval.Some important facts 1) The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120.
2) The award does not amount to title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name.
3) These were discontinued in 1978 and 1979 and from 1993 to 1997.UPSC SYLLABUS: Art and Culture in News
Want To Read More Topics-
Srirangam Temple
January 24, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “Modi the first serving Prime Minister to visit Srirangam temple” published in “The Hindu” on 20 January 2024.
Why in the news?
The Prime Minister has recently visited Srirangam temple also called the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple.
Source- Wikipedia About the temple
1. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form of Vishnu), located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
2. The temple has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.
3. The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world
4. In 2017 the temple won the UNESCO Asia Pacific Award of Merit 2017 for cultural heritage conservation, making it the first temple in Tamil Nadu to receive the award from the UNESCO.
What are the architectural features of the temple?
Style Dravidian (the temple is glorified by Alvars in their Naalayira Divya Prabhandam) Size The temple occupies an area of 63 hectares (155 acres) with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions. Shrines The temple complex includes over 50 shrines dedicated to Vishnu, Lakshmi, as well as various Vaishnava scholars and poets. Mandapa The Ranganathaswamy Temple has many mandapams like thousand pillar mandapa, garuda mandapa. Gopuram There are 21 gopurams (tower gateways), among which the towering Rajagopuram (shrine of the main gateway) is the tallest temple tower in Asia Inscriptions The historic inscriptions at the Ranganathaswamy Temple are in six major Indian languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Odia. The inscriptions have provided information about South Indian history, culture, economy and social role. What is the historical and cultural significance of the temple?
1) The main deity of the temple is mentioned in various Sanskrit literature and epics such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Padma Purana, Brahmanda Purana and Garuda Puranam.
2) Medieval scholars like Nathamuni, Ramanuja, Pillai Lokacharya, Vedanta Desika and Manavala Mamunigal are associated with the temple.
3) Bhakti movement- Ranganathaswamy temple is the only one out of the 108 temples that was sung in praise by all the Alvars (follower of Vaishnavism).
UPSC SYLLABUS:-ART AND CULTURE
Madhika Language
January 24, 2024↓Source:-This post is created based on the article “With just two speakers, a language in Kerala with no script is on the brink of extinction” published in “The Hindu” on 24 January 2024.
Why in the news?
Kerala’s Chakaliya community is facing the threat of extinction of its unique language Madhika as just 2 speakers remaining.
About the madhika language
1. The language is spoken by Chakaliya community.
2. It is a blend of Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
3. It may sound like Kannada but it has its own uniqueness due to diverse influences.
4. It is largely influenced by Havyaka Kannada, an old form of Kannada.
5. The language does not have its own script thus it faces the threat of extinction.
Facts about Chakaliya Community
Origin-They have a nomadic origin. They worship gods like Thiruvenkatramana and Mariamma.
Location– Kannur district (Kerala)
Migration to Kerala– They have migrated to northern Malabar from the hilly regions of Karnataka centuries ago.
Status-Initially they were given the S.T. status, but later they were brought under S.C. category. The mention of the community can be found in the book Caste and Tribes of Southern India
Social position– They were considered untouchables.
What are the government’s steps to preserve endangered language?
1. The Government of India has initiated a Scheme known as “Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages of India” (SPPEL). Under this scheme, the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore works on protection, preservation and documentation of all the mother tongues/languages.
NOTE- Endangered Language– As per UNESCO, any language spoken by less than 10,000 persons is considered “potentially endangered”.
Some important constitutional provisions for protection of language
Article 29– Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
Article 350B-It provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate all the matters relating to the Safeguards provided for the linguistic minorities.
International steps:-UNESCO’s flagship activity in safeguarding endangered languages is the Atlas of the World’s Languages in danger.
UPSC Syllabus:-Art and culture in news.
Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna
January 24, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna” published in “Times of India” on 23rd January 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently Government of India has announced that Late former Bihar chief minister Karpoori Thakur will be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Who was Karpoori Thakur?
Source- India Today Aspect Details About 1. He was an Indian politician who served two terms as the Chief Minister of Bihar.
2. He was born on January 24, 1924, in the village of Pitaunjhia (now Karpuri Gram) in the Samastipur District of Bihar.
3. He passed away in February 1988.
4. He was popularly known as Jan Nayak. He was also known as the champion of the poor.
5. He drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi and Satyanarayan Sinha.Political career 1. He began his political journey with the Praja Socialist Party and later aligned himself with the Janata Party.
2. He was elected as a member of the Bihar Vidhan Sabha in 1952 from the Tajpur constituency as a candidate of the Socialist Party.
3. He served as a minister and Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, before becoming the first non-Congress socialist Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970.
4. He also enforced total prohibition of alcohol in Bihar.
5. He served as the President of Samyukta Socialist Party.What is Bharat Ratna?
1) Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India.
2) The award, initially focused on arts, literature, science, and public services. It was broadened to encompass ‘any field of human endeavor‘ in December 2011.
3) The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954.
4) The first recipients of the award were scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.
5) The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.
6) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture/ Personalities in news
Ayodhya Ram Temple – key features
January 22, 2024↓Source: This post is based on the article “Nagara architecture, 392 pillars, 5 mandaps: Decoding Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’s key features” published in “Hindustan Times” on 22nd January 2024.
Why in the news?
The Ram temple in Ayodhya is inaugurated on January 22.
What is the style of the temple?
The temple is built in the nagara style.
Source: ANI
What are the features of the Ayodhya Ram temple?
Architectural Style. Constructed in the traditional Nagara style Dimension The Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir has a length (east-west) of 380 feet, a width of 250 feet, and a height of 161 feet. Material used 1. The main temple structure features Bansi Paharpur Pink Sandstone sourced from Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district. 2. Granite stones are utilized in the plinths, providing a durable and resilient foundation for the temple.
3. White Makrana marble and colored marble are intricately used for inlay work.
Boundary walls A 732-meter-long surrounding wall, influenced by Dravida style temples gives a hybrid characteristic. Mandapas There are 5 mandapas Nritya Mandap, Rang Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prathana Mandap and Kirtan Mandap Unique approach The construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya takes a unique approach by avoiding the use of steel or iron. Instead, the project uses traditional construction methods by giving due attention to the principle of sustainability. Other structures At the four corners of the compound, there are four Mandirs – dedicated to Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan and Bhagwan Shiv. In the northern arm is a Mandir of Maa Annapurna and in the southern arm is Mandir of Hanuman ji. UPSC SYLLABUS: ART AND CULTURE.
Moh-Juj: Traditional bull fight
January 22, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “Assam revives traditional bull fights nine years after SC ban” published in “Hindustan Times” on 16th January 2024.
Why in the News?
The Assam Government has recently revived the traditional buffalo fight (Moh-Juj), which had been halted for nine years following the Supreme Court’s ban on Tamil Nadu’s Jallikattu and bullock cart races in Maharashtra.
What is Moh-Juj?
Source- First India Aspect Details Origin It was introduced to Assamese culture by 30th Ahom king Swargadeo Rudra Singha about 200 years ago. Features 1. It is celebrated as a sport in Ahatguri town during Assam’s Magh Bihu, a key harvest festival in January–February.
2. The event is part of the cultural celebration of Magh Bihu.Note- In addition to Moh-Juj, Swargadeo Rudra Singha also introduced elephant and bird fights, fostering community unity during his era.
About the wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee)
1) Habitat: It primarily inhabits alluvial grasslands, marshes, swamps, and river valleys.
2) Conservation Status:
a. IUCN Red list: Endangered
b. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
c. CITES: Appendix IIIWhat is the controversy emerging again regarding Moh-Juj?
1) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India, Animal rights group, has urged the Assam chief minister to promptly halt Moh-Juj fights.
2) PETA India is citing violations of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, and Supreme Court judgments, including Animal Welfare Board of India vs A Nagaraja (2014).
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Environment
Parakram Diwas 2024 at Red Fort
January 22, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “Parakram Diwas 2024 Commemoration: Red Fort Unveils History and Cultural Spectacle” published in “PIB” on 21st January 2024.
Why in the News?
Prime Minister will inaugurate the Parakram Diwas 2024 event at Red Fort on the evening of January 23. The celebration will be continued till 31st January.
What is Parakram Diwas?
Source- PIB 1) It is a national event celebrated in India on 23rd January to mark the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
2) It has been celebrated annually since 2021.
3) The inaugural event occurred at Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.
What steps has the government taken to commemorate Parakram Diwas?
Year Initiatives Details 2022 A hologram statue of Netaji was revealed at India Gate. 2023 1. The 21 largest unnamed islands in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands were renamed after the 21 Param Vir Chakra awardees.
2. A model of the National Memorial dedicated to Netaji which supposed to be constructed on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep was also unveiled.What are the key events of Parakram Diwas 2024?
1) Organised by– The Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with institutions like the Archaeological Survey of India, National School of Drama, Sahitya Akademi, and the National Archives of India.
2) The event will feature various activities exploring the rich legacy of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and the Azad Hind Fauj.
3) The Prime Minister will digitally launch ‘Bharat Parv,’ organized by the Ministry of Tourism, featuring Republic Day Tableaux and cultural exhibits to showcase the nation’s diversity.
4) The iconic Red Fort will be transformed with a projection mapping show by artists from the National School of Drama.
5) Special recognition will be given to the veterans of the Indian National Army.
6) This nine-day event will showcase various citizen centric initiatives by 26 Ministries and departments.
Significance of Red fort:
a) The Red Fort is pivotal in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s saga and the Azad Hind Fauj.
b) It houses a museum inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi in 2019 to honor Bose and the INA on Netaji’s birthday.
c) Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, and Colonel Shahnawaz Khan made history in the Red Fort Trials, symbolizing the Azad Hind Fauj’s resolute commitment to India’s freedom.Note– The entry for the visitors during the event will be free of cost.
UPSC Syllabus- Schemes & Programmes/ Art & Culture
Temple Architecture of Nagara Style in 2024
January 20, 2024↓Source: This post is based on the article “What is the Nagara style in which Ayodhya’s Ram temple is built” published in “The Indian Express” on 20th January 2024.
Why in the news?
Temple Architecture of Nagara Style, The Ram temple in Ayodhya is going to be inaugurated on January 22.
What is the Nagara style of temple architecture?
Originated from the word Nagar meaning town or city. It’s the style of temple in the northern India. This style developed in the 5th century, characterized by a curvilinear or convex shikhara. The shikhara is topped by a larger round cushion-like element called an Amalaka.
What are the features of Nagara style of temple?
- It does not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
- The entire temple is built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it.
- The garbhagriha(sanctum sanctorum) is always located under the tallest tower.Garbhgriha is the place where main deity is placed. It is the most sacred part of the temple.
- Shikharas are human-made representations of the natural and cosmological order, as imagined in Hindu tradition. For example; Meru, Mandara, and kailasaa are the three mountain which are believed to be axis of world. Example-Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho, M.P.
- Amalaka or Kalash installed on Shikhara is one of the features of this temple style.
- It also consists of circumambulatory path around the garbhagriha.
- Other examples of Nagara style of temples in India are- Sun temple, Konark, Sun temple at Modhera, Gujarat and Ossian temple, Gujarat.
Image based on EB
Havell’s The ancient and Medieval Architecture of India.
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What are the modes of nagara architecture?
Adam Hardy,who is author of book The Temple Architecture of India (2007) identifies five modes of Nagara temple architecture — Valabhi, Phamsana, Latina, Shekhari, and Bhumija.
What is the difference between Dravida and Nagara Style of Architecture?
Area of difference Dravida style Nagara style Location Southern India Northern India Mandapa towers Single tower Multiple tower Central towers Shaped like a pyramid Curvilinear in shape Boundaries Boundaries are given great importance. Boundaries are not given great importance. UPSC Syllabus: GS paper 1 Art and Culture
PM Modi visits Guruvayur Temple
January 20, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits Guruvayur temple in Kerala” published in “The Hindu” on 17th January 2024.
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister recently visited the Sreekrishna Temple in Guruvayur, Kerala to offer prayers.
About Guruvayur Temple
Source- TripAdvisor Aspect Details About 1. It is a Hindu temple, often referred to as the Southern Dwarka.
2. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in the youthful form of Lord Krishna.Location It is located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala, India. Construction The earliest temple records date back to the 17th century, yet other literary texts and legends suggest that the temple may be approximately 5000 years old. Features 1. The Chief deity here is Lord Krishna, also known as Guruvayoorappan.
2. The chief deity is portrayed standing with four hands, grasping Shankh, Sudarshana Chakra, Lotus, and Mace, all carved from a stone known as Patala Anjana.
3. It follows the traditional Kerala architectural style.
4. The temple has structures like the Nalambalam (temple structure surrounding the sanctum sanctorum), Balikkal (sacrificial stone), and Deepastambam (pillar of lights).
5. A prominent feature is the Dwajasthamba, a 70-foot-tall flagstaff completely coated in gold.
6. In 1931-32, Sathyagraha was initiated by Kelappan (known as Kerala Gandhi) to advocate for the inclusion of untouchables into the temple. It resulted in the Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.
7. The temple is known for housing a significant number of captive male Asian elephants. The nearby Punnathur Kotta elephant sanctuary is home to 56 elephants.UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi
January 19, 2024↓
Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits historic temple linked to Ramayana in Lepakshi. Know its significance” published in “India Today” on 17th January 2024.
Why in the News?
PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, The Prime Minister recently visited the Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh. He is completing the 11-day special ritual for the consecration of the idol of Lord Ram at the Ayodhya Ram temple.
What is the significance of Lepakshi in the Ramayana?
1) ‘Lepakshi’ in Telugu means ‘Rise, oh bird.’ It is named in honor of Jatayu, the legendary bird that bravely fought Ravan while he was transporting Sita to Lanka on his Pushpaka Vimana after kidnapping her.
2) According to the Ramayana, Lepakshi is believed to be the place where the wounded Jatayu fell during his fight with Ravan.
3) The Lepakshi temple is also believed to have preserved footprints of Goddess Sita.
About Veerabhadra temple, Lepakshi
Source- Wikipedia Aspect Details About It is a Hindu temple situated in Lepakshi, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Built by Vijayanagara rulers in 1530 AD Features 1. The temple is dedicated to the Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Lord Shiva.
2. The primary deity of the main shrine is Lord Shiva, and there are additional shrines dedicated to Ganesha and Durga.
3. The temple exhibits Vijayanagara-style architecture, adorned with intricate carvings and paintings on nearly every visible surface.
4. The vibrant fresco paintings showcase intricate details in bright colors, depicting scenes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.
5. According to the Skanda Purana, the temple is a significant divyakshetra, a pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva.What are the latest temple visits of PM Modi?
1) Recently, PM Modi also visited Kalaram temple in Panchavati, Nashik (Maharashtra).
2) It is believed that Lord Ram, Sita and Laxman settled here first during their 14-year exile in the forest of which Panchavati was a part.
3) The temple, crafted from black basalt stone, features 14 steps representing Lord Ram’s 14 years of exile. The black idols of Lord Ram, Laxman, and Sita, situated within, depict Lord Ram without a bow and arrow, positioned to convey blessings.
UPSC Syllabus – Art & Culture
Adi Shankara
January 17, 2024↓Source: The article is based on “Who are the shankaracharyas — and who was Adi Shankara?” in “The Indian Express” on 16th January 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the four Shankaracharyas have announced their decision not to participate in the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22.
Who is Shankaracharya?
1) Shankaracharya means ‘teacher of the way of Shankara’.
2) According to tradition, they are religious teachers who belong to a line of teachers going back all the way to Adi Shankara himself.
3) It is a religious title used by the heads of the four cardinal mathas or peeths.
4) The four Hindu mathas (monasteries) in India are:
- Dwarka in Gujarat (West)
- Joshimath in Uttarakhand (North)
- Puri in Odisha (East)
- Sringeri in Karnataka (South)
5) Mathas founded by: Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
6) Presently, these mathas are intricate organizations encompassing religious shrines, temples, libraries, and residences. They are dedicated to preserving and advancing Shankara’s tradition.
Who was Adi Shankara?
1) Born: Kalady village on the bank of the River Periyar (Today Kerala’s Ernakulam district)
2) As per Shankara’s hagiographies, he was an extraordinary scholar-monk who was trained by Govindacharya.
3) Later he travelled extensively, visiting key spiritual centres, challenging established intellectual traditions, and establishing mathas and monastic organisations.
4) Travel history: Shankara is said to have travelled across India, from Kanchi in Tamil Nadu to Kamrup in Assam, and from the Himalayan temples of Kedar and Badri to Kashi on the Ganges’ banks and Puri on the Bay of Bengal to disseminate Advaita Vedanta teachings.
5) Writing: 116 works, comments on the 10 Upanishads, the Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. However, the authorship of several of Shankara’s writings is still debated.
What is Advaita Vedanta?
1) It is a school of Hindu philosophy and spiritual discipline.
2) Core of Advaita Vedanta: Emphasis on the unity between atman, or individual consciousness, and brahman, the ultimate reality
3) Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta expresses a radical nondualistic ontological stance, asserting that everything we perceive is essentially illusory (maya).
- According to this philosophy, the sole true reality is the principle of brahman (distinct from the caste Brahmin), transcending empirical diversity.
4) Shanaka’s contribution: Shankara’s writings represented the first thorough exposition of this intellectual tradition.
- He attempted to express nonduality using systematic metaphysical, linguistic, and epistemological ideas.
- His thought and practices include a teaching tradition which aims at bringing to a direct, liberating awareness of non-duality, also known as liberation or freedom (moksha).
What is the legacy of Shankara?
1) Shankara’s influence extends beyond his contributions to metaphysics and theology.
2) His extended journeys are regarded as a quasi-nationalistic endeavour, in which faith, philosophy, and geography come together to imagine a Hindu India that transcends the political bounds of the era.
3) He established four cardinal mathas which are regarded as great examples of this vision.
4) These mathas are also regarded as the guardians of Hindu faith and customs.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
India’s oldest living city found in Vadnagar, Gujrat
January 15, 2024↓Source-This post is based on the article “India’s oldest living city found in PM Modi’s native village Vadnagar: multi-institution study” published in “The Hindu” on 13th January 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently an archaeological excavation at Gujarat’s Vadnagar has discovered evidence of human settlement dating back to 1,400 BCE.
What are the findings of the excavation?
Source- The Hindu 1) The excavation has revealed characteristic archaeological artefacts, potteries, copper, gold, silver and iron objects and intricately designed bangles.
2) One of the oldest Buddhist monasteries also has been discovered.
3) The study suggests that climate-induced changes, such as rainfall or droughts, played a key role in the rise and fall of various kingdoms over 3,000 years and recurring invasions of India by Central Asian warriors.
4) Radiocarbon dates reveal the successive rulers of Vadnagar:
a. Indo-Greeks (until 100 CE)
b. Indo-Scythian or Shakas, known as Kshatrapa kings (until 400 CE)
c. Maitrakas (Gupta kingdom), Rashtrakuta-Pratihara-Chawada kings (until 930 CE)
d. Solanki kings (Chalukya rule until 1,300 CE)
e. Sultanate-Mughals (1680 CE)
f. Gaekwad/BritishWhat is the Significance of the study?
1) This discovery is crucial as it fills a gap in Indian archaeological history between 1,500 BCE and 500 BCE, revealing a continuity in human settlement in India spanning over 5,500 years.
2) No advanced city-like settlement was recorded before 500 BCE.
3) The team suggests the settlement might date back to 1,400 BCE, aligning with the late phase of the post-urban Harappan period. If accurate, it challenges the notion of a Dark Age, indicating a cultural continuity in India for the past 5,500 years.
Dark Age- The time frame from the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 4,000 years ago (early 2nd millennium BCE) until the rise of the Iron Age and Mahajanapada cities like Gandhar, Koshal, and Avanti (6th-5th century BCE).
About Excavation
1) Conducted by- A joint team of scientists from IIT Kharagpur, Archaeological Survey of India, Physical Research Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and Deccan College.
2) Funded by- Infosys Foundation and the Gujarat government’s Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, responsible for developing India’s inaugural experiential digital museum in Vadnagar.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
How are the tableaux are selected for Republic day?
January 11, 2024↓Source: This post is based on the article “Selection of tableaux for the Republic Day parade” published in “The Hindu” on 6th January 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the Defence Ministry proposed a new three-year rotation plan for the Republic Day parade tableau selection.
Theme of Republic Day 2024 parade: ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India) and ‘Bharat-Loktantra ki Matruka’ (India-Mother of Democracy).
How are the tableaux selected?
1) The selection process of tableaux for the Republic Day parade is carried out by the Ministry of Defence.
2) Expert committee (appointed by MoD) of prominent people from art, culture, painting, sculpture, music, architecture, choreography do the shortlisting of the tableaux.
2) They hold six to seven rounds of meetings to examine the proposals before shortlisting and making the ultimate decision.
3) Firstly, the submitted sketches or designs of the proposals are scrutinised by this committee. Committee can make suggestions for any modifications in the sketch or design.
4) In the next stage, three-dimensional models of their proposals are again examined by the expert committee for final selection.
5) The final selection is dependent upon a combination of factors such as visual appeal, impact on the masses, idea or theme of the tableaux, degree of detail, accompanying music, and use of local resources.
What are the guidelines for tableau models and performers?
1) Writing or use of logos on tableaux is not allowed except the name of states or Union Territories that are presenting it.
2) The names of the states should be written in Hindi in the front, in English on the back and in regional language on the sides of the tableau.
3) The number of performers on the trailer will not be more than 10 persons and artists performing on or along the tableau should be from the concerned state/UT only.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
10th century Kadamba Inscription found in Goa
January 5, 2024↓Source– This post is based on the article “10th century Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit found in Goa” published in “The Hindu” on 4th January 2024.
Why in news?
A 10th century A.D. Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit has been found in Goa.What are the Findings?
Kadamba Inscription 1) The Kadamba Inscription has been found in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.
2) The epigraph is engraved in Kannada and Nagari characters of the 10th century AD.
3) The record is composed as a vocal statement on the death of his son from the mouth of a grieving father. It records that when Talara Nevayya was administering the mandala, his son Gundayya having taken a vow to fulfil his father’s desire of capturing a gopura of the port of Goa, fought and died after fulfilling his father’s wish.
4) It is in the literary style of the Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I of the same period.
Who were the Kadambas of Goa?1) The Kadambas of Goa served as subordinates to the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
2) They ruled Goa from the 10th to the 14th century CE.
3) Chandor, formerly known as Chandrapur, was the capital of this Kadamba dynasty, and also an important port.
4) Emperor Tailapa II of the Chalukyan dynasty appointed Kadamba Shasthadeva as Mahamandaleshwara of Goa in recognition of his assistance in dethroning the Rashtrakutas.
5) In 960 AD, Kadamba Shasthadeva successfully captured the city of Chandavara from the Shilaharas.
6) Subsequently, he conquered the port of Gopakapattana, known as present-day Goa.
UPSC Syllabus: Ancient history/Art and culture
Who were the Kadambas of Goa?Savitribai Phule
January 3, 2024↓Source: This post has been created based on the article “Savitribai Phule Jayanti 2024: Celebrating India’s first woman teacher ”published in “Business Standard” on 3rd January 2024.
Why in news?
January 3, 2024, marks the 193rd birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule.
Who is Savitribai Phule?
Savitribai Phule 1) Savitribai Phule, a Dalit woman from the Mali community, was born on January 3, 1831, in the village of Naigaon in Maharashtra.
2) She was married to Jyotirao Phule (a social reformer) at a young age and he provided her education at home.
What are the Contributions of Savitribai Phule?
I. Education:
1) Savitribai, alongwith her husband Jyotirao Phule, pioneered India’s earliest girls’ school in Bhidewada, Pune, in 1848, shattering patriarchal barriers.
2) She became India’s first woman teacher and first Indian headmistress.
3) The couple opened more such schools for girls, Shudras, and Ati-Shudras (the backward castes and Dalits, respectively) in Pune.
4) Pune University bears the name of Savitribai Phule, serving as a tribute to this formidable woman who passionately advocated for women’s education in India.
II. Social Reform and Activism:
1) Along with Jyotirao, Savitribai started the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (‘Home for the Prevention of Infanticide’) as a care centre for children who were victims of rape, sati and those who escaped female infanticide.
2) Savitribai Phule also advocated inter-caste marriages, widow remarriage, and eradication of child marriage, sati and dowry systems, among other social issues.
3) In 1873, the Phules established the Satyashodhak Samaj, which translates to the ‘Truth-seekers’ Society.’ This platform welcomed individuals regardless of their caste, religion, or class hierarchies, with the primary goal of promoting social equity.
4) They also introduced the ‘Satyashodhak Marriage,’ which rejected Brahmanical rituals. In this ceremony, the marrying couple pledged to advocate for education and equality.
5) Savitribai became involved in relief work during the 1896 famine in Maharashtra and the 1897 Bubonic plague.
III. Literary work:
1) Savitribai Phule published her first collection of poems, called Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’) in 1854.
2) She also wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage the oppressed and backward classes to obtain an education.
Savitribai Phule’s life concluded on March 10, 1897, as she succumbed to an illness while endeavoring to protect a sick 10-year-old boy.
Maharishi Valmiki International Airport
January 2, 2024↓Source- This post is based on the article “PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham” Published in “PIB” on 30th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Recently the Prime Minister inaugurated the Maharishi Valmiki International Airport in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.
What are the Key features of the airport?
Maharishi Valmiki Airport, Ayodhya Source: Livemint 1) The airport is dedicated and named after Maharishi Valmiki, a revered sage credited as the author of the oldest version of the Ramayana.
2) The interiors of the terminal Building are decorated with local art, paintings & murals depicting the life of Bhagwan Shri Ram.
3) The terminal building of Ayodhya Airport is also equipped with various sustainability features like an insulated roofing system, LED lighting, rainwater harvesting, landscaping with fountains,
4) It also includes a water treatment plant, a sewage treatment plant, solar power plant to meet the five-star GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) ratings.
Who is Maharishi Valmiki?
1) Valmiki is referred to as Adi Kavi, which translates to the “first/original poet” in Sanskrit.
2) He is credited with composing the Ramayana, one of the earliest and most revered epic poems in the Sanskrit literary tradition.
3) Valmiki’s Ramayana is composed of 24,000 verses and is divided into 7 kandas (books), each telling a different part of Lord Ram’s story. Valmiki himself makes an appearance in the Bala and Uttara Kandas.
4) Valmiki Jayanti, also known as Pargat Diwas, is celebrated annually to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maharishi Valmiki. It is celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/ Infrastructure (Indian economy)
11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Mysuru district
December 30, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Varuna” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Three 11th-century Jain sculptures were recently discovered in Varuna village of Mysuru district, during drainage work. While
What are the Key Findings?
1) Of the three sculptures, one has suffered severe damage and is beyond recognition,. However, the other two were in relatively good condition.
2) One of the sculptures portrays a Jain Tirthankara, but it is difficult to ascertain exact identity in the absence of any symbols.
3) These sculptures have been shifted to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) museum at the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalay in Madhya Pradesh.
Who is a Jain Tirthankara?
Source- Wikipedia 1) In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher and savior of the righteous path (dharma).
2) According to Jains, Tirthankaras are supreme preachers of dharma. Having conquered the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara) themselves, they pave the way for others to follow.
3) Upon realizing the true nature of the self or soul, the Tirthankara achieves kevala jnana (omniscience).
4) The Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras who contributed towards the development of the Jain religion.
5) The first Tirthankara is Rishabhanatha and the 24th and last tirthankara is Lord Mahavira.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Divya Kala Mela 2023
December 30, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “12th DIVYA KALA MELA-2023 to be inaugurated today in Surat, Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Government is organising the 12th ‘Divya Kala Mela’ from 29th December 2023 – 7th January 2024 in Surat, Gujrat. So far 11 Divya kala melas have been organised starting from 2022 in Delhi.
What is Divya Kala Mela?
Aspect Details What is it? It is a unique event showcasing the products and craftsmanship of Divyang entrepreneurs and artisans from across the country. Nodal Ministry Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerement (MoSJ&E) Organised by Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) {DEPwD), MoSJ&E, GoI through National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC) Aims 1) Strengthen economic empowerment of PwD/Divyangjan.
2) Provide a bigger platform for marketing and showcasing the products and skills of Divyangjan (PwD)Product Category Home Décor & Lifestyle, Clothing, Stationery and eco-friendly products, packaged food and organic products, Toys & Gifts, Personal Accessories – Jewellery, Clutch Bags. Significance It provides a chance for everyone to support local products, particularly those crafted by determined individuals with disabilities. What is National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)?
1) NDFDC is a Company wholly owned by Government of India, under the DEPwD of MoSJ&E.
2) It functions as an apex institution for the benefit of Persons with Disabilities.
3) Financial assistance is extended by the Corporation at concessional interest rate for starting/ augmenting any activity contributing directly or indirectly in the income generation of Persons with Disabilities, thus helping them in their overall process of empowerment.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Indian Navy unveils new epaulettes for admirals
December 30, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “Navy unveils new Admirals’ epaulettes in ‘true reflection of Indian rich maritime heritage‘” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.
Why in the News?
The new design of epaulettes for admirals has been unveiled by the Navy, following Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s announcement during the Navy Day celebrations in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra.
What new changes have been made in the design?
Source- The Hindu 1) The newly designed epaulettes features a golden Navy button at the top, followed by an octagon, a crossed Indian sword and telescope, and stars denoting the ranks.
2) The octagon in the new design has been drawn from the naval ensign and inspired by rajmudra of Chhatrapati Shivaji.
What is the Significance of the New Design?
Adopting the new design reaffirms their commitment to the two pillars of Panch Pran (Five Resolves) given by PM Narendra Modi during the 76th Independence Day-
1) Take Pride in our Roots
2) Remove any Trace of Colonial Mindset.
Note- The Navy is also set to rename some of the ranks now in British nomenclature to reflect an Indian connection.
What is the New Naval Ensign of Indian Navy?
How has the Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?
UPSC Syllabus- Miscellaneous (Defence)/Art & Culture
Veer Bal Diwas
December 27, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Veer Bal Diwas: Recalling the ‘supreme sacrifice’ of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons” published in “The Indian Express” on 26th December 2023.
Why in the News?
Veer Bal Diwas is observed on December 26 to honor the martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji. They were only 7 and 9 years old, respectively, at the time of their deaths.
How were the Sons of Guru Gobind Singh Martyred?
1) During the Battle of Chamkaur (1704) fought between the Sikhs and Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons, Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji were captured by the Mughals.
2) Refusing to convert or to bow to Wazir Khan, the two were sentenced to death and were soon martyred by execution.
3) The Guru’s mother Mata Gujari and his two elder sons, Sahibzaada Ajit Singh (18) and Sahibzaada Jujhar Singh (14), were also killed within a week.
4) A few years later Baba Banda Singh Bahadur avenged the execution of the Sahibzade, by attacking, capturing Sirhind and executing Wazir Khan.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived
December 22, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived to show another side of life before eruption” published in “The Hindu” on 21st December 2023.
Why in the News?
A new project within the Pompeii archaeological site is showcasing ancient textile dyeing techniques. This will reveal a different aspect of daily life before the city’s destruction by a volcano in A.D. 79.
What is Pompeii Archeological site?
Source- Pompeii tours 1) Pompeii is an ancient Roman city near Naples, Italy, buried under volcanic ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.
2) The site was preserved remarkably well, providing valuable insights into daily life in the Roman Empire.
3) Excavations have revealed structures, artifacts, and even human remains, frozen in time by the volcanic eruption
4) It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular destination for tourists and researchers interested in ancient Roman history and archaeology.
What is the Project on the Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing?
Source- The Hindu 1) The project aims to highlight the ancient art of textile dyeing in Pompeii that involved preparing dyes from plants.
2) With the Pompeiian color palette, scarves will be dyed with motifs taken from the House of Vetti frescoes. The profits from the sale of these scarves will be used for further restoration of the city.
Note– Frescoes are artistic creations painted on wet plaster, commonly located on walls or ceilings. They are renowned for their vibrant colors and lasting durabilityUPSC Syllabus -Art & Culture/Places in News
Sahitya Akademi announces awards
December 21, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Sahitya Akademi announces awards; Requiem in Raga Janki best English work” published in “The Hindu” on 21st December 2023.
Why in the News?
Sahitya Akademi has announced the annual Sahitya Akademi Awards 2023 in 24 languages.
The awards are for books published between January 2017 and December 31, 2021.What are Sahitya Akademi Awards?
Specifications Details What is it? 1) It is a literary honour that is conferred annually by Sahitya Akademi.
2) Awarded to the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the 24 major Indian languages (22 languages of the 8th Schedule of the Constitution, Rajasthani and English.).
3) The awards are given to books first published during the five years immediately preceding the year of the awardPurpose To recognise and promote excellence in Indian writing and also acknowledge new trends. Instituted in 1954 Prize Consists of an engraved copper plaque, a shawl, and a prize money of Rs. 1 lakh. Criteria for awardee 1) Author must be an Indian national.
2) The award is conferred to living writers and not awarded posthumously.
3) Eligible works must be outstanding contributions to their respective language and literature.
4) If books exhibit equal merit, criteria such as overall literary contribution and the standing of authors will be considered for the award.Key Features 1) It is the second highest literary honour by the Government of India, after Jnanpith award.
2) Other Sahitya Akademi Awards:
a. Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar- Awarded based on the author’s overall contribution to children’s literature.
b. Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar- Applies to books published by authors aged 35 and below.What are Jnanpith award?
1) The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bhartiya Jnanpith to an author for their outstanding contribution towards literature.
2) The award was instituted in 1961.
3) It’s awarded exclusively to Indian writers in languages listed in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous awards.
What is Sahitya Akademi?
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture/Miscellaneous
Koya tribe
December 13, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “Koya tribe rides the eco-friendly wave to help conserve the Indian Bison of Eastern Ghats” published in “The Hindu” on 9th December 2023.
Why in the News?
In an effort to conserve the Indian Bison, the Koya tribe of Andhra Pradesh, India, is switching from traditional bison horns to palm leaves for crafting their traditional flute.
What are the Key Features of Koya tribe?
Aspect Details Who are they? 1) Koya tribe is a tribe found in the Papikonda hill range, near the Godavari and Sabari rivers in Andhra Pradesh.
2) They are also found in Telangana where they are the second largest tribal community.
3) The Koyas commonly refer to themselves as Dorala Sattam (Lords group) and Putta Dora (Original lords).Language Telegu, Koya language (Koyi) Livelihood 1) Earlier they were engaged in shifting cultivation. But have started practicing settled cultivation, cultivating crops such as Jowar, Ragi, Bajra, and other millets.
2) They also resort to hunting and foraging.Religion 1) Many Koya deities are female, the most important being the “mother earth“.
2) They also worship a number of Hindu gods Lord Bhima, Korra Rajulu, Mamili, and Potaraju.Festivals 1) Medaram Jathara – It is conducted in honour of the goddesses Sammakka and Saralamma.
Note- It is the second-largest fair of India, after the Kumbh Mela and the largest tribal festival in Asia.
2) Other major festivals include:
a. Vijji Pandum (seed-charming festival)
b. Kondala Kolupu (festival dedicated to appeasing Hill deities)
c. Bhumi Panduga (commencement of the agricultural season)Traditional Dance Permakok ata, also called the Bison Horn Dance, is practiced during festivals and marriage ceremonies. Permakore It is the traditional flute made of Bison horn. Permakore is played at a designated time and place to give a call to the entire village to go hunting in the forest About Papikonda hill range
1) It is the habitat of the Indian Bison and hence is also known as the ‘Bison hill range’.
2) Papikonda National park- Declared in 2008, the Papikonda National Park is spread across East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. It lies on the left and right banks of the river Godavari.
Source- Scroll UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/ Environment
Lakadong turmeric from Meghalaya gets Geographical Indication tag
December 8, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Lakadong turmeric from Meghalaya gets Geographical Indication tag” published in “Deccan Herald” on 5th December 2023
Why in the News?
Meghalaya’s Lakadong turmeric, Garo Dakmanda (traditional dress), Larnai pottery and Garo Chubitchi (alcoholic beverage) has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
What is Lakadong Turmeric?
Specifications Details What is it A variety of turmeric grown in the Lakadong area of Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya Key Characteristics 1) It is darker in colour.
2) It is known for its high curcumin content of aorund 6.8% to 7.5% compared to the 2-5% found in regular turmeric varieties.
3) It is grown organically without the use of fertilisers.Recognition Lakadong Turmeric Farmer Trinity Saioo was awarded the Padma Shri in 2021 for encouraging farmers in the state to take up cultivation of the turmeric. Significance 1) Boost the competitiveness of Lakadong farmers in domestic and international markets.
2) Will give access to customers to the authentic product.
3) It will provide farmers a better market price.What are the other products that received GI Tag from Meghalaya?
1) Garo Dakmanda: It is a hand-woven lower garment which is part of the traditional attire of Garo women in Meghalaya.
2) Garo Chubitchi: It is an alcoholic beverage consumed by the Garo community during feasts and ceremonies. It is a rice-based fermented drink.
3) Larnai Pottery: It is a type of pottery made of black clay. The art form has been passed down through generations.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Project
December 8, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Ministry of Culture launched Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Project” published in “PIB” on 7th December 2023.
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Culture has launched the ‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ (MGMD) project for cultural mapping and documentation of villages across India.
What is Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Project?
1) It is a pan-India initiative under National Mission on Cultural Mapping.
2) It has been initiated by the Ministry of Culture in coordination with Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
3) The main objective of project is to culturally map India’s 6.5 lakh villages, spanning 29 States and 7 Union Territories, on a comprehensive virtual platform.
4) Web portal– A web portal on MGMD has also been launched, showcasing essential information about each village, including its geographical location, demographic aspects, and description of traditional dresses, ornaments, arts and crafts, temples, fairs, festivals, etc.
– This will allow users to take virtual village tours and immerse themselves in the diverse and rich culture of India.
5) The core idea behind this project is to encourage appreciation for India’s culture and traditions, paving way for economic growth, social harmony, and artistic development in rural communities.
6) Under the MGMD, information is collected under following broad categories –
a) Arts and Crafts Village.
b) Ecologically Oriented Village, for example- Bishnoi village in Rajasthan (famous for living in harmony with Blackbucks).
c) Scholastic Village linked with Textual and Scriptural Traditions of India.
d) Epic Village linked with Ramayana, Mahabharata and/or Puranic legends and oral epics.
e) Historical Village linked with Local and National History, for example- Kandel (Madhya Pradesh) is famous for ‘Jal Satyagraha’, Suketi in Himachal Pradesh has Asia’s oldest fossil park.
f) Architectural Heritage Village.What is National Mission on Cultural Mapping?
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Garba of Gujarat makes it to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list
December 7, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Garba of Gujarat makes it to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list” published in “The Hindu” on 7th December 2023
Why in the News?
Garba has been included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is the 15th cultural item from India to make it to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Note: Kolkata’s Durga Puja was the last one added two years ago.
What is Garba?
Source: TOI Specifications Details What is it Garba is a ritualistic and devotional dance performed in Gujarat and across India. Performed during It is performed on the occasion of the festival of Navratri which is dedicated to the worship of the feminine energy or ‘Shakti‘. Features 1) The word Garba means womb, with the dance signifying life.
2) The dance is traditionally performed around a centrally lit clay lantern called the Gabra, which represents the goddess of power who remains constant throughout time.
3) The dancers form a ring around the central lamp and revolve in circles. It represents the cycle of time from birth to death and rebirthAttire The garba dancers wear colourful traditional costumes. Women dress up in Chaniya choli and men wear kafni pyjamas and Ghagra. Significance The dance is inclusive, attracting people of all ages and backgrounds and emphasizes community participation. What is UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage?
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Navy of Ancient India
December 6, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Navy Day: As PM Modi praises Shivaji’s naval prowess, a look at the Maratha Navy” published in “The Indian Express” on 5th December 2023.
Why in the News?
PM Narendra Modi, on the occasion of Navy Day (December 4), highlighted Shivaji’s naval power, and announced that epaulettes (ornamental shoulder pieces denoting rank) adorned by naval officers will soon carry his emblem.
How Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?
1) INS Shivaji: To commemorate the sea-faring prowess of the Marathas, under Shivaji, the Indian Navy has named its training establishment in Lonavala as INS Shivaji.
2) INS Angre: The shore-based logistics and administrative hub of the Western Naval Command, Mumbai, is named as INS Angre — after Kanhoji Angre (1669-1729), the celebrated Maratha naval commander.
3) New Naval Ensign: The use of the octagonal design of the seal of Shivaji on the new Naval Ensign.
What is the history of Shivaji’s Naval Power?
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the great Maratha ruler, is considered by many as the ‘Father of the Indian Navy’. It is him who laid the foundation of a modern navy in India.
Birth of the Maratha Navy (1661-1663): Between 1661 and 1663, the Maratha Navy came into existence, and at its peak included 400-odd ships of various kinds and sizes.
Philosophy of Naval Dominance: Historians note that his vision for the navy was based in his belief – “Jalameva yasya, balameva tasya”, which translates to “He who rules over the seas is all powerful”
Construction of multiple naval forts– Between 1653 and 1680, Shivaji ordered the construction of multiple naval forts, starting with the Vijaydurg in 1653, and followed by the likes of Sindhudurg and Kolaba. They were used to keep a watch on enemies approaching via the seas.
Limitation of this navy: While the Marathas could hold their own in littoral waters but could not challenge European naval power in the high seas.
UPSC Syllabus- History
The art of Tantric Buddhism
December 2, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “The art of Tantric Buddhism” published in “Live mint” on 2nd December 2023.
Why in the News?
The recently published book ‘Buddhism: A journey through art’, written by R. M. Woodward, looks at Asia’s Buddhist art traditions, especially Tantric Buddhist painting and sculpture.
What is Tantric Buddhism?
Tantric Buddhism, also known as Vajrayana Buddhism, is a form of Buddhism that developed in India and later spread to Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and other regions.
Key aspects of Tantric Buddhism–
1) Vajrayana Buddhism is regarded as the third turning of the wheel of Dharma
2) It views enlightenment as something that can be attained in a single lifetime.
3) It draws upon elements of Mahayana Buddhism but also includes unique practices and teachings, such as tantra, deity yoga, meditative techniques, and esoteric rituals.
4) This school claims that Tantras, Mantras, and Yantras are superior vehicles to liberation since they contain numerous sophisticated tantric ritual practices.
5) Schools of Tantric Buddhism– The four main schools are Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug (Gelug is the newest and most dominant school of the Vajrayana schools and Nyingma is the oldest)
6) Dieties
– Tantric Buddhism incorporates a rich pantheon of deities, each representing different aspects of the enlightened mind. Common deities include Tara, Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, and Vajrapani.7) This tradition is also known for its colourful and intricate mandalas, as well as its association with the Dalai Lama (considered the highest lama of the Gelug school)
What is the significance of art in Tantric buddhism?
Tantric Buddhism uses art for teaching, healing, and meditation. In tantrism, art is seen as a powerful instrument for aiding spiritual development through rituals. Paintings of deities are used as a tool to evoke the subject or in some cases make contact directly.
Source – Live mint 
Source- Live mint UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Parthenon Sculptures
November 30, 2023↓Source- This post is based on the article “What are the Parthenon Sculptures, at the centre of the row between Britain and Greece?” published in “The Indian Express” on 28th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Greece and the UK are engaged in a diplomatic row over the status of the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Museum.
What are Parthenon Sculptures?
Source- The British Museum The Parthenon Temple
Source- Wikipedia The Parthenon Sculptures, also known as the Elgin Marbles, are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures that once adorned the Parthenon temple (dedicated to the goddess Athena) on the rocky Acropolis hills of Athens.
History- The Parthenon was constructed in the 5th century BC, reflecting the power and dominance of the then city-state of Athens. It became a symbol for the modern nation state of Greece following independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832.
Architect- The majority of the sculptures were created under the direction of sculptor and architect Phidias
What is the Controversy and How did they come to the British Museum?
– The Parthenon Sculptures were removed by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and the then British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, in the early 19th century.
– The marbles were then taken to Britain and later purchased by the British Museum in 1816. British Museum consists of more than 30 ancient stone Parthenon sculptures.
– Lord Elgin claimed that he had obtained permission from the Ottoman authorities to remove the sculptures but Athen accuses Lord Elgin of theft. As the original letter giving him permission has been lost, its text remains disputed.What are some International Agreements on Cultural Property Trafficking?
UN resolution 2347 related to the protection of cultural heritage.
The 1970 UNESCO Convention: On the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. India is a signatory to the Convention.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture and International Relations
International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult
November 27, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult” published in “PIB” on 26th November 2023
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Education inaugurated the ‘International Seminar on Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi and the legacy of Mahima Cult’ in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
What is Mahima Cult?
Specifications Details What is it It is a unique religious cult practiced in Odisha and other nearby states.
It is also called ‘Satya Sanatan Mahima Dharma’.Founder Mahima Swami Main Principle The concept of Brahma or Absolute Monism of the Upanishads constitutes the cardinal thought in Mahima Dharma.
It focuses on simplicity, equality and devotion to the formless Divine.Key Beliefs 1) Single God: Devotion to a single God (parambrahma or the supreme-soul who is formless and omnipresent) named Alekha.
2) Rejection of Idol Worship: It discouraged idol worship and rituals, focusing instead on direct communion with the divine through prayer and meditation.
3) Rejected Caste System.Sects of Mahima Cult 3 sects – Kumbhipatias, the Kanapatias and Ashritas. Famous Disciples of Mahima Swami 1) Govind Das
2) Bhima BoiWho was Santha Kavi Bhima Bhoi?
1) Bhima Bhoi was a 19th-century saint, poet and social reformer from the state of Odisha.
2) He was a follower of Mahima Swami, the founder of Mahima Cult.
3) He is often referred to as the “Santha Kavi” meaning the “Saint Poet”.
4) He is known for his spiritual teachings and literary contributions in the form of Odia Bhajans and Chautisa (devotional song).
5) Stuti Chintamani is considered the most important poetical work of Bhima Bhoi. The poem is a set of prayers to Brahma, with the poet asking for redemption from the suffering and injustices that humanity experiences in the Kaliyuga.
6) Other important works are: Brahma Nirupana Gita, Astaka Bihari Gita, Chautisa Madhu Chakra, and Bhajanamala. Two collections, Atha Bhajan and Bangala Atha Bhajan are written in the Bengali language.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Indian miniature painting
November 20, 2023↓Source– This post is based on the article “Explained: Art historian B N Goswamy’s work on Indian miniature painting tradition” published in “The Indian Express” on 18th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Indian art historian and critic Brijinder Nath Goswamy, best known for his scholarship on Indian miniature painting tradition, passed away.
What was Goswamy’s contribution?
1. His contribution lies in revealing that painting styles were family-dependent rather than region-dependent.
2. He reconstructed family networks of renowned artists, such as Pandit Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku.What are Miniature Paintings?
Source- Wikipedia What is it? Miniature painting is an intricate form of art involving highly detailed paintings on a small scale. Evolution 1. The history of Indian miniature paintings tradition go back to the Buddhist Pala dynasty from 8th till 11th century.
2. It flourished under Mughal empire in the early 1500s but declined during Aurangzeb reign.
3. With migration of artists, different schools of miniature painting emerged in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, etc.Techniques of miniature Paintings Executed in the traditional tempera technique-
1. The painting shouldn’t be larger than 25 square inch.
2. The subject of the painting should be painted in not more than 1/6th of the actual size.
3. In these paintings there are very few human characters with visible front face. Most of the human characters are seen with side profile.Features 1. Big eyes, pointed nose and slim waist, The skin colours of human being are Brown and fair.
2. The colour of the hair and eyes is black. Women characters have long hair. Men and women wear the traditional Indian dress, slippers and shoes. Men wear turbans on their head.
3. Mostly Natural colours have been used in these paintings. Black, red, white, brown, blue, and yellow colours are used to decorate the paintings.What are different schools of Indian Miniature Painting?
Pala School of Art 1. Mostly palm leaf and paper were used.
2. The prominent painters were Dhimman and Vitapala.Apabhramsa School of Art 1. This school traces its origin to Gujarat and Mewar region in Rajasthan.
2. This school is divided in two phases–
– Illustrations made on palm leaf
– Illustrations made on paper
3. Features-fish shaped bulging eyes, a pointed nose and a double chin, animal and bird figurines in the paintings are represented as toys.
4. Most famous example -Kalpasutra and the Kalakacharya Katha from 15th centuryMiniature Art during Delhi Sultanate 1. Developed an Indo-Persian style of painting that drew heavily from schools in Iran and Jain paintings.
2. Features– Groups of people standing in rows and identical poses, narrow bands of decoration running across the width of the painting.
3. Manuscript called the Nimat Nama depicts scenes of food preparation.
4. Another style called Lodi Khuladar was also prevalent during this period.Mughal Era Miniature Painting 1. The Mughal paintings are characterized by their subtleness and naturalism. They are considered unique because of the use of brilliant colors.
2. Early Mughal painter- Bizhad
3. Akbar established ‘tasvir khana’.
4. Famous painters of this period include: Daswanth, Basawan and Kesu.
5. Prominent illustrated manuscripts during Akbar’s reign are Tutinama, Hamzanama, Anvar-i-Suhaili and Gulistan of Sadi.Rajput Paintings 1. The Rajput paintings flourished under the patronage of the Hindu Rajput rulers of Rajputana and Punjab Himalayas during the period 1500 CE to the middle of the 19th century.
2. Themes of Ramayana, the Mahabharata, Puranas, and Gita etc. were prominent.Pahari school of Painting 1. These paintings were largely done in miniature painting forms throughout the era of the 17th to 19th centuries
2. Based on their regional diversity, Pahari paintings in India can be divided into two groups.
Basohli and Kullu Style – Chaurapanchasika style
Guler and Kangra Style – Calm colours and modification
3. Nainsukh was a famous master of the mid-18th century
4. The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of Hindu deities Radha and KrishnaRajasthani School of Painting 1. Rajasthani paintings are those works that have been executed in Rajputana, from Bikaner to the border of Gujarat and from Jodhpur to Gwalior and Ujjain.
2. The themes of the paintings were mostly religious and love subjects, based on Lord Rama and Lord Krishna.
3. Characteristic– Old outlines and brilliant colours.UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)
November 16, 2023↓Source– This post “Constantine Joseph Beschi(Veeramamunivar)” is based on the article “Constantine Joseph Beschi, a missionary, Tamil scholar, and Chanda Sahib’s Dewan” published in “The Hindu” on 14th November 2023.
Why in the News?
Recently Emerald Publishers released the English translation of the first biography of Veeramamunivar(known as Constantine Joseph Beschi) in Tamil written by A. Muttusami Pillei.
Who is Constantine Joseph Beschi?
Source- The Hindu 1. Constantine Joseph Beschi, the Italian Jesuit missionary and Tamil scholar
2. He had also maintained a close friendship with Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of the Carnatic.
3. He had even acted as his Dewan.What are the views of Muttusami Pillei on Constantine Joseph Beschi?
1. He was a Religious devotee and an Italian Jesuit missionary.
2. Office of Dewan– By appointing him to the office, the Nawab of the Carnatic also gifted the Italian Jesuit four villages in Tiruchi district, which yielded a revenue of ₹12,000 a year.
3. He held the office of Dewan in Tiruchi till 1740.
4. He abstained from the “use of flesh and fish”.
5. He also studied Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil assiduously and became a master of these languages, especially Tamil.
UPSC Syllabus-History (Literature)
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them
November 14, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland: Seed preservation and storage among them” published in “Down To Earth ” on 14th November 2023
Why in the News?
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland have long relied on the practice of preserving diverse crop seeds across generations. This traditional knowledge associated with seed storage and preservation has been orally passed from one generation to another and is crucial in cultivation.
Who is the Ao community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Meaning Aoer (meaning “those who came” from across the Dikhu River) Festivals Moatsü Festival: Observed in early May after sowing
Tsüngremong Festival: Celebrated right after the harvestGovernance system called as Putu Mende Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation (tekong lu or alu ayimba) Significance Aos were the first nagas to embrace Christianity and incorporate Western education Who is the Sumi Community?
Specifications Details Who are they Tribe from Nagaland Religion Ancestral religion was worship of nature. But now most of them are Christians Recognized as Scheduled Tribe Festivals Ahuna: It is a traditional post-harvest festival of the Sumis.
Tülüni: It is a festival of great significance for the Sümis.Occupation Slash and burn agriculture, also known as jhum or shifting cultivation UPSC Syllabus: History and Art and Culture in News
Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery
November 11, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Kondaveedu Fort’s rich history showcased in new gallery” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
The Kondaveedu Fort in Andhra Pradesh is hosting a cultural gallery showcasing its rich historical significance from the 13th to the 20th century.
Where is Kondaveedu Fort?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Located in Guntur,Andhra Pradesh Constructed by Prolaya Vema Reddi Significance: (1) The fort was once the capital of the Reddi dynasty between 1328 and 1482 shifting from their former capital at Addanki.
(2) It was then taken over by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya in 1516.
(3) The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579 and renamed it as Murtazanagar.
(4) The fort came under the control of the French colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified.
(5) It passed on to the British East India Company who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of Guntur.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana
November 10, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Geoglyph: ‘3,000-year-old Iron Age’ geoglyph circle discovered in Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 10th November 2023
Why in the News?
A 3,000-year-old circular geoglyph was recently discovered in Telangana’s Medchal-Malkajgiri district.
What is Geoglyph?
Source: Wikipedia Specifications Details Definition 1. Geoglyph refers to a design that is drawn on the earth.
2. The design is created by elements of the landscape that are long-lasting such as stones, earth, gravel and other things.Types of Geoglyph Positive Geoglyph: Created by arranging elements on the ground, such as petroforms (outlines made using boulders). Negative Geoglyph: Formed by removing part of the upper surfaces of rock to create a design. Arbor glyph: A type of geoglyph involving seeding plants in a specific design. Takes years to develop as it depends on plant growth. Examples of Geoglyph 1. Nazca Lines in Peru
2. Uffington White Horse in EnglandWhat are the features of Geoglyph discovered in Telangana?
Source: The Hindu Specifications Details Belongs to Period Iron Age, specifically around 1000 BC Features 1. Etched on a low-lying granitoid hillock
2. Features a perfect circular shape.
3. A 30-centimeter-wide rim surrounds the circle.
4. Within the circle, two triangles are presentSignificance Suggested to have served as a model for megalithic communities in planning their circular burial sites. UPSC Syllabus: History/Art and Culture
Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years
November 3, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Chennai hosts an art exhibit showcasing Pichwai, some dating back 350 years” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd November 2023
Why in the News?
Chennai’s Collage is hosting an art exhibition showcasing Pichwai paintings, some of which date back 350 years.
What are Pichwai Paintings?
Pichwai paintings are a traditional form of Indian art that originated in the town of Nathdwara near Udaipur in the state of Rajasthan.
Key Features:
Specifications Details Subject matter Predominantly depicts stories and legends of Lord Krishna Traditional Techniques Done on clothes, usually khadi. Materials used Uses natural colors made from minerals and plant extracts. Stone pigments are used for gold and silver tones. Vegetable dyes are used for brighter orange, red, chrome yellow and kesari colors. Usage Hung behind the idol of Shrinathji, a local form of Krishna and the centre of Pushtimarg worship UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture in News
PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network
November 2, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “PM lauds inclusion of Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network” published in “PIB” on 2nd November 2023
Contents
Why in the News?
Kozhikode in Kerala and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh have been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.
What is UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Specification Details Started by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) Launched in 2004 Aim To promote cooperation among cities which recognized creativity as a major factor in their urban development. Categories 1.Crafts and folk arts 2.Media arts 3.Film 4.Design 5.Gastronomy 6.Literature and 7.Music. Which Indian Cities are part of UNESCO Creative Cities Network?
Cities Category Kozhikode City of Literature Gwalior City of Music Srinagar Crafts and Folk Arts Mumbai Film Hyderabad Gastronomy Chennai City of Music Jaipur Crafts and Folk Arts Varanasi City of Music Why have Kozhikode and Gwalior been included in the UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network ?
Kozhikode- Kozhikode carries the distinction of being home to over 500 public libraries. The effort of the city’s people, writers, journalists and local libraries have led to its inclusion as the ‘City of Literature’.
Gwalior- Gwalior is home to the Gwalior Gharana, which has one of the best music maestros like Baiju Bawra and Tansen. The city has become a popular destination for learning Indian classical music from musicians in the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
The recognition by UNESCO will help in boosting tourism in the two Indian cities.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/International Initiatives
India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers
November 1, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “India’s 800-year-old connection with Jerusalem: Baba Farid’s lodge, now a rest stop for Indian travellers” published in “Indian Express” on 1st November 2023
Why in the News?
India’s connection with Jerusalem dates back to 800 years to the establishment of Baba Farid’s lodge.
Who was Baba Farid?
Aspect Details Birth 1173 (Talwandi, Punjab, present-day Pakistan) Occupation Sufi Saint Belongs to Chishti Sufi Order Contribution Prominent Punjabi Sufi poet; His works are part of the Sikh scripture Granth Sahib Philosophy Emphasized love, devotion, and unity with God; Simplicity in life Famous Disciple Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325). He was responsible for making Delhi an important centre of the Chishti silsilah. What was Baba Farid’s connection with Jerusalem?
Shrine: Baba Farid is said to have meditated at a place in Jerusalem for 40 days.
– Indian Muslims on their way to Mecca started coming to the walled city of Jerusalem to pray at this location.
– Over time, this spot transformed into a shrine and a significant historical and religious site for Indian travelers.
Lodge: Baba Farid during his travels to Jerusalem prayed at the Al-Aqsa mosque and stayed at a lodge.
– This lodge later came to be known as Zawiya Al-Hindiya, meaning “the Lodge of Hind.” After Baba Farid’s departure, the lodge maintained its association with India.
– The medieval traveller Evliya Chelebi described Zawiya Al-Hindiya as one of the largest Zawiyas in the city in 1671.
– This lodge is currently under the ownership of the Waqf Board of India and is accessible only to individuals of Indian citizenship or heritage.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district
October 31, 2023↓Source: The post is based on the article “Three dead during ‘Banni’ festival at Devaragattu in Andhra Pradesh’s Kurnool district” published in “The Hindu” on 31st October 2023
Why in the News?
Three people died during the celebration of the Banni Festival in Andhra Pradesh.
What is the Banni Festival?
Specification Details Type It is a traditional stick fight celebration. Celebrated during Night of Dussehra (Vijayadashami) Purpose To mark the victory of Lord Shiva (Mala Malleswara Swamy) and Goddess Parvati (Malamma) over demons Mani and Mallasura who used to trouble people at Devaragattu region. Origin Since the times of Vijayanagara Empire. Participation Devotees from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka participate as the Mala Malleswara Swamy Temple is located on the border of these states. Rituals Devotees visit the temple with weapons like long sticks or lathis for hitting each other with these sticks on the head to get hold of ceremonial idols of local deities.
While one group of devotees make attempts to hijack the idols, the other group try to defend themselves along with protecting the deities.UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture/Festivals
